-es
English
Pronunciation
- (after sibilant) IPA(key): /əz/, /ɨz/
- (after vowel sound) IPA(key): /z/
Etymology 1
From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.
Suffix
-es
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns
- that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — glitch → glitches (but psych → psychs)
- that end in "(j)j" — hajj → hajjes ("j" is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
- that end in "(s)s(e)" — bus → buses, house → houses, rendezvous → rendezvouses
- that end in "x" — box → boxes
- that end in "(z)z" — waltz → waltzes
- that end in "o" (in some cases) — tomato → tomatoes (but soprano → sopranos)
- that end in "sh" — ash → ashes
- that end in "(consonant)y" — lady → ladies (but not "(vowel)y" key → keys)
- that end in "ce" — fence → fences
- that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges
Etymology 2
From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
Suffix
-es
- Used to form the third person singular present of verbs
- that end in "(t)ch" (only when pronounced as [tʃ]) — impeach → impeaches (but psych → psychs)
- that end in "(s)s" — miss → misses
- that end in "x" — tax → taxes
- that end in "(z)z" — fizz → fizzes
- that end in "o" (in some cases) — go → goes (but piano → pianos)
- that end in "sh" — wish → wishes
- that end in "y" — cry → cries
- that end in "ce" — dance → dances
- that end in "(d)ge" — bridge → bridges, range → ranges
Anagrams
- -se, SE, Se., se, se.
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch -esse, borrowed from Northern Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa (as in abbātissa (“abbess”)).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛs/
Suffix
-es
- Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English -ess.
- zanger (“singer, songster”) → zangeres (“female singer; songstress, singeress”)
Derived terms
Related terms
- -in
References
- A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 180
Esperanto
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Suffix
-es
- belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)
Derived terms
- ĉies (“belonging to everyone, everyone's”)
- ies (“belonging to someone, someone's”)
- kies (“belonging to whom, whose”)
- nenies (“belonging to nobody, nobody's”)
- (nonce) alies (“belonging to someone else, someone else's”)
- ties (“belonging to that one, that one's”)
German
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əs/
Suffix
-es
- Alternative form of -s (genitive ending)
See also
- -es-
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛs/
Suffix
-es (invariable)
- (music) flat, ♭
- Antonym: -is (“sharp”)
- A + -es → As (“A flat”)
- B + -es → Bes (“B double flat”)
- C + -es → Ces (“C flat”)
- D + -es → Des (“D flat”)
- E + -es → Es (“E flat”)
- F + -es → Fes (“F flat”)
- G + -es → Ges (“G flat”)
Derived terms
- -eses (“double flat”)
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɛʃ]
- Rhymes: -ɛʃ
Suffix
-es
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
- kert (“garden”) → kertes (“something with a garden, having a garden”)
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
- perec (“pretzel”) → pereces (“someone who sells pretzels”)
- meggy (“morello, sour cherry”) → meggyes (“cherry orchard”)
- (number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
- egy (“one”) → egyes (“the digit or figure 1”)
Usage notes
- (all senses) Harmonic variants:
- -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Derived terms
See also
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /eːs/, [eːs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /es/, [es]
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension
- used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form
- caedō (“I kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)
- sedeō (“I sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)
Declension
Third-declension noun (i-stem).
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ēs | -ēs |
| Genitive | -is | -ium |
| Dative | -ī | -ibus |
| Accusative | -em | -ēs -īs |
| Ablative | -e | -ibus |
| Vocative | -ēs | -ēs |
Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).
Synonyms
- -or, -us
Derived terms
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
-ēs
- second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Middle English
Suffix
-es
- Alternative form of -yssh
Suffix
-es
- Alternative form of -esse (-ess)
Mohawk
Suffix
-es
- long
- with tsi ni-: during
Old English
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /es/
Suffix
-es
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy
- dæġes (adverb) ― days
- nihtes (adverb) ― nights
Derived terms
Descendants
- Middle English: -es, -s
- English: -'s, -s (adverbial suffix), -st (adverbial suffix)
Old Saxon
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛs/
Suffix
-es
- possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun
- used in formation of adverbs
- dages (adverb) ― days
- nahtes (adverb) ― nights
Descendants
- Middle Low German: -es, -s
- Low German: -s (adverbial suffix)
Portuguese
Suffix
-es
- forms the 2nd-person singular present indicative of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1st conjugation verbs
- forms the 2nd-person singular negative imperative of 1st conjugation verbs
Suffix
-es
- forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n
Etymology 3
From Old Portuguese -ez, further origins unknown. The preferred options are that it was either an internal innovation (from a reanalysis of the genitive in names ending with -ricus, ie. -rici, as naming suffix) or a borrowing from pre-Roman languages (given the various forms the suffix took in the Middle Ages). Compare Spanish -ez.
Suffix
-es
- (historical) -son (a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname)
- Fernando + -es → Fernandes (“son of Fernando”)
- Henrique + -es → Henriques (“son of Henrique”)
- Martim + -es → Martins (“son of Martim”)
- Rodrigo + -es → Rodrigues (“son of Rodrigo”)
References
PIEL, J. M. Sobre os apelidos portugueses do tipo patronímico em-ici/-es. Boletim de Filologia (1963): 59-63.
BOULLÓN AGRELO, Ana Isabel. Cronoloxía e variación das fórmulas patronímicas na Galica altomedieval. Verba 22 (1995): 449-475.
BOBONE, Carlos. Os Apelidos Portugueses-Um Panorama Histórico. Leya, 2017.
LAPESA, Rafael. Historia de la lengua española. (1968).
Romani
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya).
Suffix
-es
- desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns
Derived terms
- -es-
References
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “-es”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, OCLC 1267332830, page 48
- Yaron Matras (2002), “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 39
Spanish
Etymology 1
From Latin -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.
Suffix
-es
- suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions).
Etymology 2
From Latin -ēs, Latin -is, and Latin -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
Etymology 3
From Latin -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
-es
- suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
See also
- -s
- -as
Further reading
- “plural” in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, primera edición, Real Academia Española, 2005.
Swedish
Etymology 1
Variant of -s (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding -a.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˌɛs/
Suffix
-es
- Marks the present tense passive of verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s.
Usage notes
Verms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the -s suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use -es with all -er verbs, but this use is considered archaic today.
Etymology 2
Ultimately from Latin -ensis.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈeːs/
Suffix
-es
- -ese; forms a nationality from the name of a country.
- Kina + -es → kines
- Siam + -es → siames
Derived terms
Anagrams
- se
Welsh
Pronunciation
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛs/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /as/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
Etymology 1
From the Proto-Brythonic -issā, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.
Suffix
-es f (plural -esau)
- female suffix
- athro (“male teacher”) + -es → athrawes (“female teacher”)
- gweinydd (“waiter”) + -es → gweinyddes (“waitresss”)
- Norwy (“Norway”) + -es → Norwyes (“Norwegian woman”)
- cadno (“fox”) + -es → cadnawes (“vixen”)
- Synonym: -wraig
Suffix
-es f
- collective noun
- brân (“crow”) + -es → branes (“flight of crows”)
- llong (“ship”) + -es → llynges (“navy, fleet”)
Derived terms
References
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-es”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Alternative forms
- -ais
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/, /ɛʃ/, /ɪʃ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɛs/
Suffix
-es
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite
Derived terms
West Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əs/
Suffix
-es
- Used to form possessive pronouns from possessive determiners
- myn + -es → mines
- jo + -es → jowes
Yola
Etymology
From Middle English -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending). Cognate with English -s (plural noun ending).
Suffix
-es
- Used to form the regular plural of nouns.