er-
See also: Appendix:Variations of "er"
Dutch
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- in unstressed positions.The Middle Dutch er- prefix mostly merged with ver- and her- in Modern Dutch.The current prefix is therefore either a direct continuation of this prefix or loaned from Old High German ir-, Middle High German er-.A prefix with the same origin but in stressed positions is oor-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ər/, /ɛr/
Audio (file)
Prefix
er-
- Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates the cause or beginning of an action.
Derived terms
Dutch terms prefixed with er-
- erachten
- erbarmen
- erbieden
- erdenken
- erdichten
- erduchten
- erkennen
- erlangen
- ervaren
German
Etymology
From Middle High German er-, from Old High German ir-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛɐ̯/ (standard)
- IPA(key): /ɛ/, /ɐ/ (common speech)
Audio (file)
Prefix
er-
- Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates a successful conclusion, leads to the wanted result.
- Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates killing or dying.
- er- + drücken (“to push, squeeze”) → erdrücken (“to squeeze dead”)
- er- + frieren (“to freeze”) → erfrieren (“to freeze to death”)
- Prefix signifying a notion of getting something by some means, usually through conscious effort.
- er- + arbeiten (“to work”) → erarbeiten (“to gain something by means of working for it”)
Usage notes
- In sense 3, the prefix is of almost unlimited productivity, provided that the underlying verb has initial stress. Such random constructs as sich etwas ertanzen (“to get something by dancing”), sich etwas erkuscheln (“to get something by cuddling”), etc., are all possible and intelligible.
Derived terms
German terms prefixed with er-
Derived terms
- erbarmen
- erbauen
- erbeben
- erbeten
- erbetteln
- erbeuten
- erbieten
- erbitten
- erbohren
- erborgen
- erbrausen
- erbrechen
- erbrüten
- erdichten
- ereignen
- erfahren
- erfassen
- erfechten
- erfeilschen
- erfinden
- erfliegen
- erfochten
- erfolgen
- erforschen
- erfreuen
- erfrieren
- erfüllen
- ergänzen
- ergeben
- ergehen
- ergründen
- erhalten
- erhängen
- erheben
- erhellen
- erhitzen
- erhoffen
- erhöhen
- erholen
- erinnern
- erkälten
- erkaufen
- erkennen
- erklären
- erkranken
- erlauben
- erleben
- erledigen
- erleichtern
- erleuchten
- erlösen
- ernähren
- eröffnen
- erpressen
- erreichen
- erschallen
- erscheinen
- erschießen
- erschöpfen
- erschrecken
- erschweren
- ersehnen
- ersparen
- erstaunen
- ertragen
- ertrinken
- ertüfteln
- erwähnen
- erwarten
- erwecken
- erweisen
- erweitern
- erwerben
- erzählen
- erzeugen
- erziehen
- erzielen
- erzittern
- erzwingen
Swedish
Etymology
From German er-, from Old High German ir-, and/or from Middle Low German er-, from Old Saxon ā-, both from Proto-Germanic *uz-.
Prefix
er-
- Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates an emphasizing meaning
Derived terms
Swedish terms prefixed with er-
Derived terms
- erbarmlig
- erbjuda
- erfara
- erhålla
- oerhörd
- erkänna
- erlägga
- ernå
- ersätta
- ertappa
- erövra
Anagrams
- -re, re-
Tocharian B
Etymology
From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian A ar-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).
Verb
er-
- to evoke, call up
- to produce, yield, bring forth
Further reading
- Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99
Welsh
Etymology
i-affected form of ar-.
Prefix
er-
- on, above, sur-, super-, epi-
- er- + glynu (“to attach”) → erlyn (“to pursue, prosecute”)
Derived terms
Welsh terms prefixed with er-
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| er- | unchanged | unchanged | her- |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies