engendrer
French
Etymology
From Latin ingenerāre, present active infinitive of ingenerō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/
Audio (file)
Verb
engendrer
- (transitive) to generate, spawn, beget
Conjugation
Conjugation of engendrer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | engendrer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | engendrant /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | engendré /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendres /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendrons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/ | engendrez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/ | engendrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ |
| imperfect | engendrais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/ | engendrais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/ | engendrait /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/ | engendrions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/ | engendriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.je/ | engendraient /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | engendrai /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/ | engendras /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/ | engendra /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/ | engendrâmes /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁam/ | engendrâtes /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁat/ | engendrèrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛʁ/ | |
| future | engendrerai /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁe/ | engendreras /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁa/ | engendrera /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁa/ | engendrerons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɔ̃/ | engendrerez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁe/ | engendreront /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | engendrerais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/ | engendrerais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/ | engendrerait /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/ | engendrerions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁjɔ̃/ | engendreriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁje/ | engendreraient /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendres /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | engendrions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/ | engendriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.je/ | engendrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ |
| imperfect2 | engendrasse /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/ | engendrasses /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/ | engendrât /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/ | engendrassions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa.sjɔ̃/ | engendrassiez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa.sje/ | engendrassent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/ | — | engendrons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/ | engendrez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “engendrer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Verb
engendrer
- to engender; to beget
- (by extension) to create; to make
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of engendrer
| infinitive | simple | engendrer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | engendrant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | engendré | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | engendre | engendres | engendre | engendrons | engendrez | engendrent |
| imperfect | engendrois, engendroys | engendrois, engendroys | engendroit, engendroyt | engendrions, engendryons | engendriez, engendryez | engendroient, engendroyent | |
| past historic | engendra | engendras | engendra | engendrasmes | engendrastes | engendrerent | |
| future | engendrerai, engendreray | engendreras | engendrera | engendrerons | engendrerez | engendreront | |
| conditional | engendrerois, engendreroys | engendrerois, engendreroys | engendreroit, engendreroyt | engendrerions, engendreryons | engendreriez, engendreryez | engendreroient, engendreroyent | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | engendre | engendres | engendre | engendrons | engendrez | engendrent |
| imperfect | engendrasse | engendrasses | engendrast | engendrassions | engendrassiez | engendrassent | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | engendre | — | engendrons | engendrez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
Old French
Alternative forms
- angenrer, engenrer
Etymology
From Latin ingenerō.
Verb
engendrer
- to engender; to beget
- Jean de Mandeville, Le livre des merveilles du monde, ed. C. Deluz, Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes 31, Paris, 2000. Available via the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub
- La comaunda ly angele a Adam q'il cohabistast ovesqez sa femme, si engendra Seth du quel tribu Jhesu Crist nasquy
- Then the angel commanded to Adam that he have sex with his wife, so he begat Seth, from which the tribe of Jesus Christ was born
- La comaunda ly angele a Adam q'il cohabistast ovesqez sa femme, si engendra Seth du quel tribu Jhesu Crist nasquy
- Jean de Mandeville, Le livre des merveilles du monde, ed. C. Deluz, Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes 31, Paris, 2000. Available via the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub
- to cause; to bring about; to generate
- 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):
- Or est il ainsi qu’en iceulx couvertures es parties loing des costes ne se peut engendrer apostume
- Thus it is so that in these coverings in the parts far away from the ribs, an abscess cannot form
-
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. In the present tense an extra supporting e is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending -t is lost. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of engendrer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | engendrer | avoir engendré | |||||
| gerund | en engendrant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | engendrant | ||||||
| past participle | engendré | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses | present | engendre | engendres | engendre | engendrons | engendrez | engendrent |
| imperfect | engendroie, engendreie, engendroe, engendreve | engendroies, engendreies, engendroes, engendreves | engendroit, engendreit, engendrot, engendreve | engendriiens, engendriens | engendriiez, engendriez | engendroient, engendreient, engendroent, engendrevent | |
| preterite | engendrai | engendras | engendra | engendrames | engendrastes | engendrerent | |
| future | engendrerai | engendreras | engendrera | engendrerons | engendreroiz, engendrereiz, engendrerez | engendreront | |
| conditional | engendreroie, engendrereie | engendreroies, engendrereies | engendreroit, engendrereit | engendreriiens, engendreriens | engendreriiez, engendreriez | engendreroient, engendrereient | |
| compound tenses | present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses | present | engendre | engendres | engendre | engendrons | engendrez | engendrent |
| imperfect | engendrasse | engendrasses | engendrast | engendrissons, engendrissiens | engendrissoiz, engendrissez, engendrissiez | engendrassent | |
| compound tenses | past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | engendre | — | engendrons | engendrez | — | ||