enchaîner
See also: enchainer
French
Alternative forms
- enchainer (post-1990 spelling)
Etymology
From en- + chaîne + -er. Possibly also corresponds to Vulgar Latin *incatēnāre, from Latin catēnāre. Compare Italian incatenare; Catalan, Occitan, and Catalan encadenar; and Portuguese encadear.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/, /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/
audio (file)
Verb
enchaîner
- to chain, to shackle
- (figuratively) to subjugate, to enslave
- to put together (in a sequence), to concatenate
Conjugation
Conjugation of enchaîner (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive | simple | enchaîner | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | enchaînant /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɑ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | enchaîné /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) | present | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaînes /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaînons /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɔ̃/ | enchaînez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ | enchaînent /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
imperfect | enchaînais /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ | enchaînais /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ | enchaînait /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ | enchaînions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.njɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.njɔ̃/ | enchaîniez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nje/ | enchaînaient /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛ/ | |
past historic2 | enchaînai /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ | enchaînas /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ | enchaîna /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ | enchaînâmes /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nam/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nam/ | enchaînâtes /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nat/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nat/ | enchaînèrent /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɛʁ/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɛʁ/ | |
future | enchaînerai /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁe/ | enchaîneras /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁa/ | enchaînera /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁa/ | enchaînerons /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɔ̃/ | enchaînerez /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁe/ | enchaîneront /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | enchaînerais /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ | enchaînerais /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ | enchaînerait /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ | enchaînerions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nə.ʁjɔ̃/ | enchaîneriez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nə.ʁje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nə.ʁje/ | enchaîneraient /ɑ̃.ʃɛn.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) | present | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaînes /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | enchaînions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.njɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.njɔ̃/ | enchaîniez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nje/ | enchaînent /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ |
imperfect2 | enchaînasse /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ | enchaînasses /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ | enchaînât /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na/ | enchaînassions /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na.sjɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na.sjɔ̃/ | enchaînassiez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.na.sje/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.na.sje/ | enchaînassent /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nas/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nas/ | |
(compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | enchaîne /ɑ̃.ʃɛn/ | — | enchaînons /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.nɔ̃/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.nɔ̃/ | enchaînez /ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne/ or /ɑ̃.ʃe.ne/ | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Derived terms
- enchaîné
- enchaînement
Further reading
- “enchaîner”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.