empedernir
Portuguese
Etymology
From *empedrenir, from em- + pedra and an uncertain suffix[1].
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈniɾ/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈniɾ]
Verb
empedernir (first-person singular present (Portugal only; missing in Brazil) empedirno, third-person singular present empederne, first-person singular preterite empederni, past participle empedernido)
- (transitive) to make rock hard
Conjugation
- Brazil
Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | empedernir | |||||
| Personal | empedernir | empedernires | empedernir | empedernirmos | empedernirdes | empedernirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| empedernindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | empedernido | empedernidos | ||||
| Feminine | empedernida | empedernidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | — | — | — | empedernimos | empedernis | — |
| Imperfect | empedernia | empedernias | empedernia | empederníamos | empederníeis | empederniam |
| Preterite | empederni | empederniste | empederniu | empedernimos | empedernistes | empederniram |
| Pluperfect | empedernira | empederniras | empedernira | empederníramos | empederníreis | empederniram |
| Future | empedernirei | empedernirás | empedernirá | empederniremos | empedernireis | empedernirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| empederniria | empedernirias | empederniria | empederniríamos | empederniríeis | empederniriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Imperfect | empedernisse | empedernisses | empedernisse | empederníssemos | empedernísseis | empedernissem |
| Future | empedernir | empedernires | empedernir | empedernirmos | empedernirdes | empedernirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | — | — | — | empederni | — | |
| Negative (não) | — | — | — | — | — | |
- Portugal
Conjugation of empedernir (i-e alternation in present singular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | empedernir | |||||
| Personal | empedernir | empedernires | empedernir | empedernirmos | empedernirdes | empedernirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| empedernindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | empedernido | empedernidos | ||||
| Feminine | empedernida | empedernidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | empedirno | empedernes | empederne | empedernimos | empedernis | empedernem |
| Imperfect | empedernia | empedernias | empedernia | empederníamos | empederníeis | empederniam |
| Preterite | empederni | empederniste | empederniu | empedernimos | empedernistes | empederniram |
| Pluperfect | empedernira | empederniras | empedernira | empederníramos | empederníreis | empederniram |
| Future | empedernirei | empedernirás | empedernirá | empederniremos | empedernireis | empedernirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| empederniria | empedernirias | empederniria | empederniríamos | empederniríeis | empederniriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | empedirna | empedirnas | empedirna | empedirnamos | empedirnais | empedirnam |
| Imperfect | empedernisse | empedernisses | empedernisse | empederníssemos | empedernísseis | empedernissem |
| Future | empedernir | empedernires | empedernir | empedernirmos | empedernirdes | empedernirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | empederne | empedirna | empedirnamos | empederni | empedirnam | |
| Negative (não) | não empedirnas | não empedirna | não empedirnamos | não empedirnais | não empedirnam | |
References
- 1932, Antenor Nascentes, Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa.
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /empedeɾˈniɾ/ [ẽm.pe.ð̞eɾˈniɾ]
- Rhymes: -iɾ
- Syllabification: em‧pe‧der‧nir
Verb
empedernir (no first-person singular present, first-person singular preterite empederní, past participle empedernido)
- to harden
Usage notes
- Used only with forms where the ending begins with -i.
Conjugation
Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | empedernir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | empederniendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | empedernido | empedernida | |||||
| plural | empedernidos | empedernidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | — | —tú empedernísvos | — | empedernimos | empedernís | — | |
| imperfect | empedernía | empedernías | empedernía | empederníamos | empederníais | empedernían | |
| preterite | empederní | empederniste | empedernió | empedernimos | empedernisteis | empedernieron | |
| future | empederniré | empedernirás | empedernirá | empederniremos | empederniréis | empedernirán | |
| conditional | empederniría | empedernirías | empederniría | empederniríamos | empederniríais | empedernirían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| imperfect (ra) | empederniera | empedernieras | empederniera | empederniéramos | empedernierais | empedernieran | |
| imperfect (se) | empederniese | empedernieses | empederniese | empederniésemos | empedernieseis | empederniesen | |
| future1 | empederniere | empedernieres | empederniere | empederniéremos | empederniereis | empedernieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | —tú empedernívos | — | — | empedernid | — | ||
| negative | — | — | — | — | — | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
Further reading
- “empedernir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014