-em
See also: Appendix:Variations of "em"
Albanian
Alternative forms
- -hna (Gheg)
Etymology
Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛm/ (Standard)
- IPA(key): /em/
Suffix
-em
- (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
- Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
- active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)
- active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)
- Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
- adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)
- Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:
| mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | conditional | optative | admirative | |
| (dëftore) | (lidhore) | (kushtore) | (dëshirore) | (habitore) | |
| present | -em | (të) -em | (do të) -esha | (u) -sha / -fsha | (u) -am |
| continuous present | (po) -em | (po të) -em | (po do të) -esha | (po u) -am | |
| imperfect | -esha | (të) -esha | (u) -ësha | ||
| continuous imperfect | (po) -esha | (po të) -esha | (po u) -ësha | ||
| aorist | (u) -a / (u) -va | - | - | - | - |
| perfect | j-am (+ participle) | (të) j-em (+ participle) | qof-sha (+ participle) | qenk-am (+ participle) | |
| past perfect I | isha (+ participle) | (të) isha (+ participle) | (do të) isha (+ participle) | qenk-ësha (+ participle) | |
| past perfect II (aorist II) | q-eshë (+ participle) | ||||
| future I | k-am (për t'u + participle) | (do të) -em | |||
| future perfect | k-am (për të qenë + participle) | (do të) j-em (+ participle) | |||
Related terms
- -hem
- -hna
- -na
Bislama
Alternative forms
- -im
- -um
Etymology
English him, 'em
Suffix
-em
- Indicates a transitive verb
- 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, Social lives in language--sociolinguistics and multilingual speech, →ISBN, page 344:
- Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
Usage notes
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
Chuukese
Suffix
-em
- (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)
Related terms
Chuukese possessive determiners
| Small objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
| Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
| Third person | an | noun | -an | |
| Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) | nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) | -em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
| Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
| Third person | ar | nour | -er |
Etruscan
Romanization
-em
- Romanization of -𐌄𐌌
German
Etymology 1
From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əm/
Suffix
-em
- Masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives.
Etymology 2
Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
- Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.
Suffix
-em
- Alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)
Derived terms
- Bachem
- Badem
- Bockenem
- Cochem
- Dahlem
- Eulgem
- Fließem
- Gilzem
- Horrem
- Katzem
- Ließem
- Luxem
- Mehlem
- Niederaussem
- Niederstedem
- Pickließem
- Sechtem
- Sehlem
- Spangdahlem
- Stockem
- Wierschem
Etymology 3
Backformation from Phonem.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈeːm/
Audio (file)
Suffix
-em
- (linguistics) -eme
Derived terms
German terms suffixed with -em
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɛm]
- Rhymes: -ɛm
Suffix
-em
- (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.
- eszik (“to eat”) → eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)
- (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Used to form the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.
- ért (“to understand”) → értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)
- (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
- kert (“garden”) → a kertem (“my garden”)
Usage notes
Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
| -ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -sz | ||
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | ||
| after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl | |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | – | ||
| -ik verbs | -ik | |||
| mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök | |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | |
| after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | ||
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- -ok is added to back-vowel verbs
- -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
- -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
- -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs
- -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs
- -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs
Present tense definite – personal endings
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular | -ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural | -ják | -ik | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
- (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:
- -om is added to back-vowel verbs
- -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
- -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Declension
(possessive suffix):
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -em | — |
| accusative | -emet | — |
| dative | -emnek | — |
| instrumental | -emmel | — |
| causal-final | -emért | — |
| translative | -emmé | — |
| terminative | -emig | — |
| essive-formal | -emként | — |
| essive-modal | -emül | — |
| inessive | -emben | — |
| superessive | -emen | — |
| adessive | -emnél | — |
| illative | -embe | — |
| sublative | -emre | — |
| allative | -emhez | — |
| elative | -emből | — |
| delative | -emről | — |
| ablative | -emtől | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | -emé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | -eméi | — |
Suffix
-em
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun.
- jel (“sign”) → jellem (“character”)
- szél (“wind”) → szellem (“ghost, spirit”)
- illik (“to suit, to be proper”) → illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)
Usage notes
- A final single l may become long ll. Variants:
- -am is added to back-vowel words
- -em is added to front-vowel words
Declension
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -em | -emek |
| accusative | -emet | -emeket |
| dative | -emnek | -emeknek |
| instrumental | -emmel | -emekkel |
| causal-final | -emért | -emekért |
| translative | -emmé | -emekké |
| terminative | -emig | -emekig |
| essive-formal | -emként | -emekként |
| essive-modal | -emül | -emekül |
| inessive | -emben | -emekben |
| superessive | -emen | -emeken |
| adessive | -emnél | -emeknél |
| illative | -embe | -emekbe |
| sublative | -emre | -emekre |
| allative | -emhez | -emekhez |
| elative | -emből | -emekből |
| delative | -emről | -emekről |
| ablative | -emtől | -emektől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | -emé | -emeké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | -eméi | -emekéi |
| Possessive forms of -em | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | -emem | -emeim |
| 2nd person sing. | -emed | -emeid |
| 3rd person sing. | -eme | -emei |
| 1st person plural | -emünk | -emeink |
| 2nd person plural | -emetek | -emeitek |
| 3rd person plural | -emük | -emeik |
Derived terms
Hungarian nouns suffixed with -em
See also
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /em/, [ɛ̃ˑ]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /em/, [ɛm]
Etymology 1
See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).
Suffix
-em f
- accusative singular of -ēs
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
-em
- first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Old Irish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.[1]
Suffix
-em m
- Forms occupational nouns.
- flaith (“rule”) + -em → flaithem (“ruler”)
- breth (“judgement”) + -em → brithem (“judge”)
- fíach (“debt”) + -em → féchem (“debtor”)
Inflection
| Masculine n-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -em | -emainL | -emain |
| Vocative | -em | -emainL | -emnaH |
| Accusative | -emainN | -emainL | -emnaH |
| Genitive | -eman | -emanL | -emanN |
| Dative | -emainL, -emL | -emnaib | -emnaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Derived terms
Old Irish terms suffixed with -em
Etymology 2
From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.
Suffix
-em f
- Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.
- feithid (“to watch over”) + -em → fethem (“watching over”)
- moídid (“to boast”) + -em → moídem (“boasting”)
- ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + -em → acaldam (“conversation”)
Inflection
| Feminine ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | -emL | — | — |
| Vocative | -emL | — | — |
| Accusative | -imN | — | — |
| Genitive | -meH | — | — |
| Dative | -imL | — | — |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Descendants
- Irish: -amh
- Scottish Gaelic: -amh
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*karafyo-(mon)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 189-190
Pijin
Alternative forms
- -im
- -um
Etymology
English him, 'em
Suffix
-em
- Indicates a transitive verb
Usage notes
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
Vlax Romani
Etymology
Inherited from Romani -ǒm.
Suffix
-em
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.
Volapük
Suffix
-em
- An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things
Derived terms
Volapük terms suffixed with -em
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛm/
Suffix
-em
- (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional
Derived terms
Category Welsh terms suffixed with -em not found