dún
See also: Appendix:Variations of "dun"
Icelandic
Noun
dún
- indefinite accusative singular of dúnn
Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠuːnˠ/
Etymology 1
From Old Irish dún, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Noun
dún m (genitive singular dúin or dúna, nominative plural dúnta or dúna or dúinte)
- fort; fortress
- place of refuge, haven
- (secure) residence, house
- promontory fort; bluff
Declension
Declension of dún
First declension
Bare forms:
| Forms with the definite article:
|
- Alternative declension
Declension of dún
Third declension
Bare forms:
| Forms with the definite article:
|
Alternative plural: dúinte
Derived terms
- urdhún (“bastion”)
- dún long (“haven for ships”)
- dún Dé (“God's house, heaven”)
Etymology 2
From Old Irish dúnaid, dúinid (“shuts, closes; blocks, obstructs; joins, clasps; closes, ends”).
Verb
dún (present analytic dúnann, future analytic dúnfaidh, verbal noun dúnadh, past participle dúnta)
- (transitive, intransitive) close, shut
- Synonym: (Ulster) druid
- (transitive, intransitive) draw together; secure, fasten
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
| singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
| indicative | present | dúnaim | dúnann tú; dúnair† | dúnann sé, sí | dúnaimid | dúnann sibh | dúnann siad; dúnaid† | a dhúnann; a dhúnas / a ndúnann*; a ndúnas* | dúntar |
| past | dhún mé; dhúnas | dhún tú; dhúnais | dhún sé, sí | dhúnamar; dhún muid | dhún sibh; dhúnabhair | dhún siad; dhúnadar | a dhún / ar dhún* | dúnadh | |
| past habitual | dhúnainn / ndúnainn‡‡ | dhúntá / ndúntᇇ | dhúnadh sé, sí / ndúnadh sé, s퇇 | dhúnaimis; dhúnadh muid / ndúnaimis‡‡; ndúnadh muid‡‡ | dhúnadh sibh / ndúnadh sibh‡‡ | dhúnaidís; dhúnadh siad / ndúnaidís‡‡; ndúnadh siad‡‡ | a dhúnadh / a ndúnadh* | dhúntaí / ndúnta퇇 | |
| future | dúnfaidh mé; dúnfad | dúnfaidh tú; dúnfair† | dúnfaidh sé, sí | dúnfaimid; dúnfaidh muid | dúnfaidh sibh | dúnfaidh siad; dúnfaid† | a dhúnfaidh; a dhúnfas / a ndúnfaidh*; a ndúnfas* | dúnfar | |
| conditional | dhúnfainn / ndúnfainn‡‡ | dhúnfá / ndúnfᇇ | dhúnfadh sé, sí / ndúnfadh sé, s퇇 | dhúnfaimis; dhúnfadh muid / ndúnfaimis‡‡; ndúnfadh muid‡‡ | dhúnfadh sibh / ndúnfadh sibh‡‡ | dhúnfaidís; dhúnfadh siad / ndúnfaidís‡‡; ndúnfadh siad‡‡ | a dhúnfadh / a ndúnfadh* | dhúnfaí / ndúnfa퇇 | |
| subjunctive | present | go ndúna mé; go ndúnad† | go ndúna tú; go ndúnair† | go ndúna sé, sí | go ndúnaimid; go ndúna muid | go ndúna sibh | go ndúna siad; go ndúnaid† | — | go ndúntar |
| past | dá ndúnainn | dá ndúntá | dá ndúnadh sé, sí | dá ndúnaimis; dá ndúnadh muid | dá ndúnadh sibh | dá ndúnaidís; dá ndúnadh siad | — | dá ndúntaí | |
| imperative | dúnaim | dún | dúnadh sé, sí | dúnaimis | dúnaigí; dúnaidh† | dúnaidís | — | dúntar | |
| verbal noun | dúnadh | ||||||||
| past participle | dúnta | ||||||||
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Alternative forms
- dúin (Cois Fharraige)
Mutation
| Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
| dún | dhún | ndún |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “dún”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “dún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “dúnaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 73.
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /duːn/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Noun
dún n (genitive dúin or dúine, nominative plural dúna or dúine)
- fort
- fortress
Inflection
| Neuter o-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
| Vocative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
| Accusative | dúnN | dúnN | dúnL, dúna |
| Genitive | dúinL | dún | dúnN |
| Dative | dúnL | dúnaib | dúnaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
| Neuter s-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | dúnN | dúnN | dúineL |
| Vocative | dúnN | dúnN | dúineL |
| Accusative | dúnN | dúnN | dúineL |
| Genitive | dúineL | dúine | dúineN |
| Dative | dúinL | dúinib | dúinib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Descendants
- Irish: dún
- Manx: doon
- Scottish Gaelic: dùn
Etymology 2
From do + sinn.
Pronoun
dún
- Alternative spelling of dúnn
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| dún | dún pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ | ndún |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “dún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
West Frisian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
dún c (plural dunen, diminutive dúntsje)
- dune
Further reading
- “dún (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011