durus
See also: duruş
Ido
Verb
durus
- conditional of durar
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”), though there are semantic problems if the change "long" > "enduring" (see dūrō) is not accepted.
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew- (“hard, fast”). Cognate with Lithuanian drū́tas (“firm, strong”), Old English trum (“trim, strong, firm”), Sanskrit ध्रुव (dhruva, “firm, fixed”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈduː.rus/, [ˈd̪uːrʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈdu.rus/, [ˈd̪uːrus]
Adjective
dūrus (feminine dūra, neuter dūrum, comparative dūrior, superlative dūrissimus, adverb dūrē or dūriter); first/second-declension adjective
- hard, rough (of a touch)
- Synonyms: firmus, rōbustus
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.782:
- nec crīmen dūrās esset habēre manūs
- nor was it an offense to have rough hands [as a result of doing hard manual labor]
- nec crīmen dūrās esset habēre manūs
- harsh (of a taste)
- hardy, vigorous
- unyielding, unfeeling, stern
- oppressive, severe
- Dura lex, sed lex.
- The law is harsh but it is the law.
Declension
First/second-declension adjective.
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | dūrus | dūra | dūrum | dūrī | dūrae | dūra | |
Genitive | dūrī | dūrae | dūrī | dūrōrum | dūrārum | dūrōrum | |
Dative | dūrō | dūrō | dūrīs | ||||
Accusative | dūrum | dūram | dūrum | dūrōs | dūrās | dūra | |
Ablative | dūrō | dūrā | dūrō | dūrīs | |||
Vocative | dūre | dūra | dūrum | dūrī | dūrae | dūra |
Derived terms
- dūracinus
- dūricordia
- dūricorius
- dūritia
Related terms
- dūrābilis
- dūrābilitās
- dūrābiliter
- dūrāmen
- dūrāmentum
- dūrātor
- dūrātrīx
- dūrē
- dūrēscō
- dūritās
- dūriter
- dūrō
Descendants
- → Proto-Brythonic: *dʉr (“hard; hard metal, steel”)
- Middle Welsh: dur
- Welsh: dur
- Middle Welsh: dur
- Catalan: dur
- Dalmatian: doir
- → English: dure
- French: dur
- Friulian: dûr
- Galician: duro
- Istriot: doûro
- Italian: duro
- Ligurian: dûo
- Lombard: dür
- → Middle Irish: dúr
- Irish: dúr
- Scottish Gaelic: dùr
- → Scots: dour
- → English: dour
- Norman: dû
- Occitan: dur
- Portuguese: duro
- Romanian: dur
- Romansch: dir
- Sardinian: duru
- Sicilian: duru
- Spanish: duro
- Venetian: duro, dur
- Walloon: deur
References
- “durus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “durus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- durus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- durus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, 1st edition. (Oxford University Press)