do
English
Etymology 1
From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).
For senses 4 and 5, compare Old Norse duga, whence Danish du.
The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.
The obligatory, meaningless use of do in interrogative, negative, and—formerly—affirmative sentences, existing in some form in most Germanic languages[1], is thought by some linguists to be one of the Brittonicisms in English, calqued from Brythonic.[2] It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations.
Doublets include deed, deem, -dom, but not deal.
Other cognates include, via Latin, English feast, festival, fair (“celebration”), via Greek, English theo-, theme, thesis, and Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti, “to put”), धातृ (dhātṛ, “creator”) and धातु (dhātu, “layer, element, root”).
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /duː/, enPR: do͞o
- (US, Canada) IPA(key): /du/, enPR: do͞o
- (General Australian) IPA(key): /dʉː/
Audio (US) (file) Audio (AU) (file) Audio (southern England) (file) - (unstressed, before a consonant) IPA(key): /də/
- (unstressed, before a vowel) IPA(key): /dʊ/
- (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA(key): /d͡ʒ/
- Rhymes: -uː
- Homophones: doo, doux
- Homophones: dew, due (in accents with yod-dropping)
Verb
do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.
- Do you go there often?
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.
- I do not go there often.
- Do not listen to him.
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., OCLC 222716698, page 51:
- “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.
- But I do go sometimes.
- Do tell us.
- 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:
- “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […] ”
- 1950, C. S. Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
- "Do stop it," said Susan; "it won't make things any better having a row between you two. Let's go and find Lucy."
- (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such as be, though it can be in AAVE.
- I play tennis; she does too.
- (nonstandard) They don't think it be like it is, but it do.
- 1930, George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, “Embraceable You”
- Don't be a naughty baby,
- Come to papa, come to papa, do!
- My sweet embraceable you.
- (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.
- (transitive) To perform; to execute.
- Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, functionate
- All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?
- 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:
- The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.
- (obsolete, transitive) To cause, make (someone) (do something).
- 1490, Caxton, William, “Prologue”, in Eneydos (in Middle English); republished as Caxton's Eneydos, London: Early English Text Society, 1890, page 2:
- And also my lorde abbot of westmynster ded do shewe to me late, certayn euydences wryton in olde englysshe […]
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938, stanza 7, page 258:
- Sometimes to do him laugh, ſhe would aſſay / To laugh at ſhaking off the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]
- 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], OCLC 15537294:
- Emongſt the reſt a wicked maladie / Raign’d emongſt men, that manie did to die, […]
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Corinthians 8:1, column 1:
- MOreouer, brethren, wee do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God beſtowed on the Churches of Macedonia, […]
-
- (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.
- it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do; this will do me, thanks.
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., OCLC 222716698, page 51:
- “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
- 1922, Williams, Margery, The Velveteen Rabbit:
- "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.
- (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.
- It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.
- (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).
- The fresh air did him some good.
- (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).
- Our relationship isn't doing very well; how do you do?
- 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:
- Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.
- (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.
- What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.
- To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something).
- "Don't forget to do your report" means something quite different depending on whether you're a student or a programmer.
- To cook.
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:cook
- I'll just do some eggs.
- 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat […] :
- It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.
- 1944, News from the Suburbs:
- We went down below, and the galley-slave did some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.
- 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:
- Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.
- (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.
- 1869, Louisa M[ay] Alcott, “Our Foreign Correspondent”, in Little Women: Or, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, part second, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, OCLC 30743985, page 115:
- We 'did' London to our hearts' content,—thanks to Fred and Frank,—and were sorry to go away; […]
- 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder, page 97:
- After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]
- 1968, July 22, “Ralph Schoenstein”, in Nice Place to Visit, page 28:
- No tourist can get credit for seeing America first without doing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker […]
- Let’s do New York also.
-
- (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
- 1894, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, volume 87, page 59, column 1:
- They did me well, I assure you—uncommon well: Bollinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince; […]
- 1928, Sayers, Dorothy L[eigh], “The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers”, in Lord Peter Views the Body:
- Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.
- 1994, Jervey Tervalon, Understand This, →ISBN, page 50:
- "Why you gonna do me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."
-
- (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
- 2018, Kate Atkinson, Transcription, →ISBN, page 291:
- The woman-who-did did not do very well, Juliet thought.
-
- (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Kings 17:34, column 2:
- Vnto this day they doe after the former manners: they feare not the Lord, neither doe they after their Statutes, or after their Ordinances, or after the Law and Commaundement which the Lord commaunded the children of Iacob, whom hee named Iſrael, […]
-
- (transitive) To spend (time) in jail. (See also do time)
- Synonym: serve
- I did five years for armed robbery.
- (transitive) To impersonate or depict.
- Synonyms: imitate, personate, take off
- They really laughed when he did Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.
- (with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) To copy or emulate the actions or behaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned.
- He did a Henry VIII and got married six times.
- He was planning to do a 9/11.
- (transitive, slang) To kill.
- Synonyms: do in, murder, off, rub out, see also Thesaurus:kill
- 1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 22:
- Case pulled the .22 out of his pocket and levelled it at Wage's crotch. “I hear you wanna do me.”
- 2003 August 17, George Pelecanos, “Bad Dreams”, in The Wire, season 2, episode 11, HBO, spoken by Omar Little (Michael K. Williams), 43:27 from the start:
- About a year ago, a boy name Brandon got got here in Baltimore. Stuck and burned before he passed. […] Wasn't no need for y'all to do him the way y'all did.
- 2004, Patrick Stevens, Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon, →ISBN, page 314:
- He's gonna do me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonna do me proper.
- 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:
- The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.
- (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
- 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place
- Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.
- 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place
- (informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.
- He got done for speeding.
- Teacher'll do you for that!
- (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)
- Synonyms: go to bed with, sleep with, see also Thesaurus:copulate with
- c. 1588–1593, [William Shakespeare], The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus: […] (First Quarto), London: […] Iohn Danter, and are to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, […], published 1594, OCLC 222241046, [Act IV, scene ii]:
- Deme. Villaine what haſt thou done?
A. That which thou canſt not vndoe.
Chiron. Thou haſt vndone our mother.
Aron. Villaine I haue done thy mother.
- 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:
- […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.
- 2008, On the Line, Donna Hill, page 84:
- The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.
- (transitive) To cheat or swindle.
- Synonyms: defraud, diddle, mug off, rip off, scam, see also Thesaurus:deceive
- That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!
- 1852, Thomas De Quincey, Sir William Hamilton
- He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.
- (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.
- the novel has just been done into English; I'm going to do this play into a movie
- (transitive, intransitive) To finish.
- (archaic, dialectal, transitive, auxiliary) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
- 1844, Barnes, William, “Evenén in the Village”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:
- ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.
-
- (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
- (informal, transitive, ditransitive) To make or provide.
- Synonyms: furnish, give, supply, see also Thesaurus:give
- Do they do haircuts there?
- Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?
- (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
- 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times, retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."
- 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."
- 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au, retrieved 2015-07-21:
- "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."
-
- (transitive) To take drugs.
- I do cocaine.
- (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.
- What's that car doing in our swimming pool?
Usage notes
- In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, and verbs used -est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verb do had two such forms: dost, in auxiliary uses, and doest, in other uses. The past tense of both forms is didst.
- Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the form doth was used as an auxiliary, and the form doeth was used elsewhere.
Conjugation
infinitive | (to) do | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | do | did | |
2nd-person singular | do, doest†, dost† | did, didst† | |
3rd-person singular | does, doeth†, doth† | did | |
plural | do | ||
subjunctive | do | did | |
imperative | do | — | |
participles | doing | done |
†Archaic or obsolete.
Antonyms
- don't
Derived terms
- bedo
- can do with
- doable
- do a runner
- do as I say and not as I do
- do by
- do by halves
- do down
- doer
- do for
- dogoodery
- do ill
- do in
- do it
- do right by
- done
- do-nothing
- do one's easement
- do-over
- do somebody wrong
- do the decent thing
- do the trick
- do time
- do up
- do well by doing good
- do with mirrors
- do without
- fordo
- misdo
- redo
- overdo
- to do with
- underdo
- undo
- a man's gotta do what a man's gotta do
- as you do
- can do this all day
- can't do right for doing wrong
- can-do
- could do with
- do a bit of stiff
- do a Bradbury
- do a bunk
- do a land-office business
- do a Melba
- do a never
- do a number on
- do a Reggie Perrin
- do a slow burn
- do Abram
- do away with
- do battle
- do bears shit in the woods
- do bird
- do business
- do by half-measures
- do cartwheels
- do cheetah flips
- do credit
- do do
- do drugs
- do exactly what it says on the tin
- do good
- do gooseberry
- do it brown
- do it tough
- do it up brown
- do it yourself
- do justice
- do lunch
- do me a favour
- do me a lemon
- do more harm than good
- do no harm
- do not disturb
- do not enter
- do not want
- do nothing
- do numbers
- do of
- do off
- do someone one better
- do one's best
- do one's bit
- do one's block
- do one's business
- do one's damnedest
- do one's darnedest
- do one's duty
- do one's ease
- do one's job
- do one's nut
- do one's own thing
- do one's part
- do one's stuff
- do one's sums
- do one's thing
- do one's utmost
- do one's worst
- do or die
- do out
- do out of
- do over
- do someone a frighten
- do someone brown
- do someone dirt
- do someone dirty
- do someone like that
- do someone proud
- do someone's bidding
- do someone's head in
- do someone's heart good
- do tell
- do the deed
- do the dirty on
- do the dishes
- do the Dutch
- do the handsome thing
- do the hard yards
- do the honor
- do the honors
- do the honour
- do the honours
- do the job
- do the laundry
- do the math
- do the nasty
- do the needful
- do the right thing
- do the rounds
- do to death
- do unto others
- do unto others as you would have them do unto you
- do violence to
- do want
- do well
- do well for oneself
- do what
- do wonders
- do-all
- do-badder
- do-dad
- do-gooder
- do-gooderism
- do-goodery
- do-gooding
- do-goodism
- do-it-herselfer
- do-it-yourself
- do-it-yourselfer
- do-little
- do-naught
- do-nothingism
- do-nothingness
- do-or-die
- do-re-mi
- do-si-do
- do-support
- do-while loop
- don't do anything I wouldn't do
- don't mind if I do
- hen do
- honey do list
- honey-do list
- how do
- how do ye do
- how do you do
- how-d'ye-do
- howdy-do
- I do
- I do declare
- if I do say so myself
- if it's the last thing I do
- jeet kune do
- Jeju-do
- leaving do
- let George do it
- make do
- make do and mend
- make it do or do without
- make-do
- ne'er-do-well
- never put off until tomorrow what you can do today
- no can do
- not do someone any favors
- not do someone any favours
- not want to do that
- one could do it in one's sleep
- one's got to do what one's got to do
- one's gotta do what one's gotta do
- send a boy to do a man's job
- some mothers do have them
- stag do
- tae kwon do
- that'll do
- that'll do it to you
- till death do us part
- till death us do part
- to what do I owe the pleasure
- to-do list
- well-to-do
- what can I do you for
- what do I know
- what does that have to do with the price of corn
- what does that have to do with the price of fish
- what does that have to do with the price of tea in China
- what it do
- what should I do
- what would Jesus do
- will do
- you do you
- you get more with a kind word and a gun than you do with a kind word alone
- you're damned if you do and you're damned if you don't
- are you doing anything tomorrow
- cute girls doing cute things
- ease of doing business index
- how are you doing
- ill-doing
- know what one is doing
- non-doing
- nothing doing
- the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing
- those who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those doing it
- what are you doing
- who are you and what have you done with someone
- what's done cannot be undone
Translations
See also
- Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take
Noun
do (plural dos or do's or (uncommon) doos)
- (UK, informal) A party, celebration, social function; usually of moderate size and formality.
- Synonyms: get-together, see also Thesaurus:party
- We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.
- 1980, Jona Lewie; Keef Trouble (lyrics and music), “You'll Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, performed by Jona Lewie:
- She was into French cuisine but I ain't no Cordon Bleu / This was at some do in Palmers Green, I had no luck with her
- 2013 September 13, Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards”, in The Guardian:
- […] ; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.
- (informal) Clipping of hairdo.
- Alternative form: 'do
- Nice do!
- I don't like to spend time on my hairstyle, so I usually just wear a do-rag.
- 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:
- I like the new do.
- (chiefly fossilized) Something that can or should be done.
- Don't forget the dos and don'ts.
- Antonym: don't
- 1916, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter VIII, in Just David:
- With the coming of Monday arrived a new life for David—a curious life full of "don'ts" and "dos."
- (chiefly obsolete, fossilized in the UK) Something that has been done.
- "How come you quit?" "I'm moving to London." "Fair dos."
- (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.
- Synonym: to-do
- 1689, John Selden, Table Talk
- A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.
- (obsolete, UK, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
- (obsolete, UK, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.
Usage notes
- For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect.
Translations
Etymology 2
From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.
Alternative forms
- doh, Do
Pronunciation
- (UK) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /dəʊ/
- (US) enPR: dō, IPA(key): /doʊ/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -əʊ
- Homophones: doe, dough, d'oh
Noun
do (plural dos)
- (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.
- Synonym: (archaic) ut
Translations
See also
- fa
- la
- mi
- re
- so
- ti
Etymology 3
Short for ditto.
Alternative forms
- do.
Adverb
do (not comparable)
- (rare) Abbreviation of ditto.[3]
Etymology 4
Shortening of dozen.
Numeral
do
- The cardinal number occurring after el and before do one in a duodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12.
See also
- gro, mo
See also
- do loop
- do svidaniya
- do svidanya
- whoop de do
- whoop-de-do
- whoop-dee-do
- whoopee do
- whoopee-do
- whoopy-do
- whoopy do
- woopty-do
- woopy do
References
- do at OneLook Dictionary Search
- Langer, Nils (2001) Linguistic Purism in Action: How auxiliary tun was stigmatized in Early New High German, de Gruyter, →ISBN
- John McWhorter (2009), “What else happened to English? A brief for the Celtic hypothesis”, in English language & linguistics, volume 13, issue 2, Cambridge: University Press, pages 163-191
- “The O'Connell National Statue”, in The Freeman's Journal, Dublin, 23 October 1862, page 2
Anagrams
- O&D, O.D., O/D, OD, od
Albanian
Alternative forms
- don (Gheg)
Verb
do
- second/third-person singular present indicative of dua
Atong (India)
Etymology
From Hindi दो (do).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/
Numeral
do (Bengali script দো)
- two
Synonyms
- ni
- rongni
- tu
References
- van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3.
Bambara
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dòꜜò]
Noun
do
- group
References
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Barai
Noun
do
- water
References
- The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN)
Boko
Numeral
do
- one
Catalan
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈdo/
Etymology 1
From Latin dōnum (“gift”).
Noun
do m (plural dons)
- gift
- talent
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Italian do.
Noun
do m (plural dos)
- (music) do (first note of diatonic scale)
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
do
- (obsolete) third-person singular present subjunctive form of dar
Central Franconian
Etymology 1
From Old High German dār (“there”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dɔː/
Adverb
do
- here; there; in this or that place
Etymology 2
From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.
Alternative forms
- du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/ (traditional)
- IPA(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)
Adverb
do
- (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)
Etymology 3
From Old High German du.
Alternative forms
- du (many dialects)
- dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
- de (unstressed form)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
Pronoun
do
- (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular)
Czech
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈdo]
audio (file)
Preposition
do + genitive
- into, in (to the inside of)
- Vešel do místnosti. ― He walked into the room.
- Dostala se jí voda do bot. ― Water got in her boots.
- to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)
- Jdeme do obchodu. ― We are walking to the shop.
- Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. ― We arrived in New York.
- until (up to the time of)
- Zůstal tam až do neděle. ― He stayed there until Sunday.
- by (at some time before the given time)
- Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! ― Be back by ten o'clock!
- to, in (physical blows "to" a body part)
- Do hlavy ne! ― Don’t hit me in the head!
- Oběť byla pobodánado břicha ― Victim has stab wounds to the stomach.
- to, up to (extreme limit, all the way up to)
- Budeme si to pamatovatdo posledního dechu ― We will remember it till our last breath.
Further reading
- do in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- do in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
Dutch
Etymology
From Italian do (“the note”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: do
- Rhymes: -oː
Noun
do m or f (plural do's)
- do, the musical note
- (Belgium) C, the musical note
Synonyms
- ut (archaic)
See also
- (notes): re, mi, fa, sol, la, si; bee, kruis, mol
Esperanto
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [do]
- Hyphenation: do
Noun
do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)
- The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Etymology 2
From French donc, likely via apheresis of Latin ad tunc (see adonc). Compare Italian dunque, Romanian atunci, Spanish entonces.
Adverb
do
- therefore, then, so (with conclusion), indeed, however
Fala
Alternative forms
- du (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)
Etymology
From Old Portuguese do, equivalent to de (“of”) + o (masculine singular definite article).
Contraction
do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)
- (Mañegu) of the
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
- I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.
- And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.
-
References
- Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu [Fala Dictionary], CIDLeS, →ISBN, page 30
Faroese
Etymology
Borrowed from Italian do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /toː/
- Rhymes: -oː
Noun
do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)
- (music) do
Declension
Declension of do | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | do | doið | do | doini |
accusative | do | doið | do | doini |
dative | doi | doinum | doum | dounum |
genitive | dos | dosins | doa | doanna |
French
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/
Audio (Paris) (file) - Rhymes: -o
Noun
do m (plural do)
- (music) do, the note 'C'
- Synonym: ut
Further reading
- “do”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician
Etymology
From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ʊ/
Contraction
do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)
- of the; from the; 's
- cabalo do demo ― demon's horse ("dragonfly")
Garo
Alternative forms
- do·o (A·chik)
Etymology
Glottal stop loss of do·o
Noun
do (Mandi)
- bird
Haitian Creole
Etymology
From French dos (“back”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/
Noun
do
- (anatomy) back
Hunsrik
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /toː/
Adverb
do
- here
- Synonyms: hie, hier
- Die Fraa is nimmi do. ― The woman isn't here anymore.
- then; so
- Synonym: dann
- Do sim-mer fortgesprung. ― Then we fled.
Further reading
- Online Hunsrik Dictionary
Ido
Adverb
do
- so, therefore
Irish
Etymology 1
From Middle Irish ro-, from Old Irish ro-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-, influenced by do- of verbs like do·beir (“give”), do·uccus (“I have given”) (with early modern forms like do-bheirim (“I give”), do-ugas (“I gave”)).
Alternative forms
- d’ (used before vowels and lenited fh-)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
Particle
do (triggers lenition)
- (Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb
- do mhol sé ― he praised
Etymology 2
Reanalysis of do (“past tense marker”) and the early modern unstressed preverb do- of verbs like do-gheibhim (“I get”), do-chím (“I see”) (and possibly also a- in a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
Particle
do (triggers lenition)
- (Munster, literary) relative marker (in direct relative clauses)
- an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises
Usage notes
Before vowel sounds takes the form d’ and is often preceded by the reduced form a: a dh’, a d’:
- an té a dh’éiríonn go moch, bíonn an rath air ― he who raises early has the prosperity; the early bird catches the worm
Etymology 3
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).
Alternative forms
- d’ (used before vowel sounds)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
- (Connacht) IPA(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)
- (Ulster, colloquial) IPA(key): /ə/, (before a vowel) /ə j-/[1]
Preposition
do (plus dative, triggers lenition)
- to, for
- do chara ― to a friend, for a friend
- used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect
- Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.
- Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.
- Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.
Inflection
Person | Normal | Emphatic |
---|---|---|
1st person sing. | dom | domsa |
2d person sing. | duit | duitse |
3d sing. masc. | dó | dósan |
3d sing. fem. | di | dise |
1st person pl. | dúinn | dúinne |
2d person pl. | daoibh | daoibhse |
3d person pl. | dóibh | dóibhsean |
Derived terms
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | dedo ded*, det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoido | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | ido id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | ledo led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ódo ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trído | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs with particle (do)
Etymology 4
From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tou- (“your, thy”); compare Welsh dy, Cornish dha, Breton da.
Alternative forms
- d’ (used before vowel sounds)
- t’ (Munster, used before vowel sounds)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪ˠə/
Determiner
do (triggers lenition)
- your (singular)
- Cá bhfuil do charr? ― Where is your car?
See also
Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) | Disjunctive (emphatic) | Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) | mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 | thú (thusa) | do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) | é (eisean) | a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) | í (ise) | a H | |
Third neuter | — | ea | — | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 | bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) | iad (iadsan) | a E |
L Triggers lenition E Triggers eclipsis H Triggers h-prothesis
1 Also used as the vocative
The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun: e.g. "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.References
- Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “do”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Entries containing “do” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “do” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian
Alternative forms
- dò (rare)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/*
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Hyphenation: dò
Verb
do
- first-person singular present indicative of dare
Etymology 2
Clipping of Doni, the surname of Giovanni Battista Doni. Coined in the 17th century to replace ut.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/°, (traditional) /ˈdɔ/*
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Hyphenation: dò
Noun
do m
- do (musical note)
- C (musical note or key)
Further reading
do in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/°, /ˈdɔ/*, /ˈdɔh/, /ˈdɔʔ/
- Rhymes: -ɔ, -ɔh, -ɔʔ
- Hyphenation: dò
Noun
do
- (archaic) Alternative form of doh
Anagrams
- od
Japanese
Romanization
do
- Rōmaji transcription of ど
- Rōmaji transcription of ド
Ladin
Preposition
do
- behind
- Antonym: dant
- before (time)
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).
The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic 𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.[1]
Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (dā-).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /doː/, [d̪oː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /do/, [d̪ɔː]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Verb
dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular
- I give
- Synonym: dōnō
- Tertium non datur.law of excluded middle
- A third [possibility] is not given: .
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus 20:12:
- Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.
- Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
- Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.
- I impart, offer, render, present with
- Synonyms: reddō, afferō
- c. 200 BC, Plautus Captivi (“the captives”) (English and Latin text)
- Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.
- “I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.” (“I offer labour to you, Aristophontes…”)
- Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I, 14:
- causam minus mirabilem dedit
- he rendered the circumstances less strange
- causam minus mirabilem dedit
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.511:
- dumque mora est, tremulā dat vīna rubentia dextrā
- And while there is a delay, with his trembling right hand he offers [them] red wine.
(Hyrieus serves his guests, unaware that they are gods. See: Hyrieus; Orion (mythology).)
- And while there is a delay, with his trembling right hand he offers [them] red wine.
- dumque mora est, tremulā dat vīna rubentia dextrā
- I afford, grant
- Synonym: dōnō
- 44 BCE, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippics , 1.22.7:
- Non igitur provocatio ista lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adulescentis ut turbulenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse?
- It is not, therefore, a right of appeal that is afforded by that law, but two most salutary laws and modes of judicial investigation that are abolished. And what is this but exhorting young men to be turbulent, seditious, mischievous citizens?
- Non igitur provocatio ista lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adulescentis ut turbulenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse?
- 44 BCE, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippics , 1.23.4:
- Quid, quod obrogatur legibus Cæsaris, quae iubent ei qui de vi itemque ei qui maiestatis damnatus sit aqua et igni interdici? quibus cum provocatio datur, nonne acta Cæsaris rescinduntur? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui illa numquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae causa arbitratus sum ut non modo, quas vivus leges Cæsar tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas quidem quas post mortem Cæsaris prolatas esse et fixas videtis.
- What more? Is not this a substitution of a new law for the laws of Cæsar, which enact that every man who has been convicted of violence, and also every man who has been convicted of treason, shall be interdicted from fire and water? And, when those men have a right of appeal granted them, are not the acts of Cæsar rescinded? And those acts, O conscript fathers, I, who never approved of them, have still thought it advisable to maintain for the sake of concord; so that I not only did not think that the laws which Cæsar had passed in his lifetime ought to be repealed, but I did not approve of meddling with those even which since the death of Cæsar you have seen produced and published.
- Quid, quod obrogatur legibus Cæsaris, quae iubent ei qui de vi itemque ei qui maiestatis damnatus sit aqua et igni interdici? quibus cum provocatio datur, nonne acta Cæsaris rescinduntur? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui illa numquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae causa arbitratus sum ut non modo, quas vivus leges Cæsar tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas quidem quas post mortem Cæsaris prolatas esse et fixas videtis.
- I bestow, confer (on or upon)
- Synonym: dōnō
- I concede, surrender, yield, deliver, give up
- Synonyms: dēdō, addīcō, concēdō, dēcēdō, committō, remittō, trādō, tribuō, dēferō, reddō, cēdō, permittō
- I put
- I adduce (e.g., a witness)
Conjugation
In Vulgar Latin, dō becomes *dao, by analogy with the root vowel -a-, but also by some elided third conjugation verbs like *vao, *vare (< vadō, vadere).
This table includes an archaic present subjunctive conjugation on a du- root that appears in the works of Plautus and Terence.
Conjugation of dō (first conjugation, irregular short a in most forms except dās and dā) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | dō | dās | dat | damus | datis | dant, danunt |
imperfect | dabam | dabās | dabat | dabāmus | dabātis | dabant | |
future | dabō | dabis | dabit | dabimus | dabitis | dabunt | |
perfect | dedī | dedistī | dedit | dedimus | dedistis | dedērunt, dedēre | |
pluperfect | dederam | dederās | dederat | dederāmus | dederātis | dederant | |
future perfect | dederō | dederis | dederit | dederimus | dederitis | dederint | |
passive | present | dor | daris, dare | datur | damur | daminī | dantur |
imperfect | dabar | dabāris, dabāre | dabātur | dabāmur | dabāminī | dabantur | |
future | dabor | daberis, dabere | dabitur | dabimur | dabiminī | dabuntur | |
perfect | datus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | datus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | datus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | dem, duim | dēs, duās, duīs | det, duit | dēmus | dētis | dent, duint |
imperfect | darem | darēs | daret | darēmus | darētis | darent | |
perfect | dederim | dederīs | dederit | dederīmus | dederītis | dederint | |
pluperfect | dedissem | dedissēs | dedisset | dedissēmus | dedissētis | dedissent | |
passive | present | der | dēris, dēre | dētur | dēmur | dēminī | dentur |
imperfect | darer | darēris, darēre | darētur | darēmur | darēminī | darentur | |
perfect | datus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | datus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | dā | — | — | date | — |
future | — | datō | datō | — | datōte | dantō | |
passive | present | — | dare | — | — | daminī | — |
future | — | dator | dator | — | — | dantor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | dare | dedisse | datūrum esse | darī | datum esse | datum īrī | |
participles | dāns | — | datūrus | — | datus | dandus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
dandī | dandō | dandum | dandō | datum | datū |
Derived terms
- abdō
- addō
- condō
- datārius
- datiō
- datō
- dator
- datum
- datus
- dēdō
- dīdō
- ēdō
- indō
- mandō
- perdō
- prōdō
- reddō
- subdō
- trādō
- vēndō
Descendants
- Aragonese: dar
- Aromanian: dau, dari
- Asturian: dar
- Corsican: dà
- Dalmatian: dur
- Emilian: dèr
- Friulian: dâ
- Istriot: dà
- Interlingua: dar
- Istro-Romanian: dåu
- Ladin: dé, dèr
- Ligurian: dâ
- Lombard: da, daa
- Navarro-Aragonese: dar
- Aragonese: dar
- Neapolitan: dà
- Italian: dare
- Old Leonese: dar
- Asturian: dar
- Leonese: dar
- Mirandese: dar
- Old Portuguese: dar
- Fala: dal
- Galician: dar
- Portuguese: dar
- Angolar: ra
- Annobonese: da
- Guinea-Bissau Creole: da
- Indo-Portuguese: dá
- Kabuverdianu: da
- Korlai Creole Portuguese: da
- Macanese: dá
- Kristang: da
- Principense: da
- Sãotomense: da
- Saramaccan: dá
- Old Occitan: dar
- Occitan: dar
- Old Catalan: dar
- Catalan: dar
- Old Spanish: dar
- Extremaduran: dal
- Ladino: dar
- Spanish: dar
- Chavacano: dale
- Piedmontese: dé
- Romagnol: dê
- Romanian: da, dare
- Romansch: dar, der
- Sabir: dar, dara
- Sardinian: dàe, dai, dare
- Sicilian: dari, rari
- Tarantino: dare
- Venetian: dar
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Further reading
- do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
Laz
Conjunction
do
- Latin spelling of დო (do)
Ligurian
Alternative forms
- dro (obsolete)
Etymology
de + o
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /du/
Contraction
do
- of the (masculine singular)
Limburgish
Etymology 1
Derived from Old High German doret. Compare German dort.
Alternative forms
- da (Eupen)
- dao (widespread variant)
- dooe (Krefeld)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dɔː/
- Hyphenation: do
- Rhymes: -ɔː
Adverb
do
- (Eupen, local) there, yonder
- (Eupen, temporal) at that time (in the past); at the time, then
- (Eupen) then, after that
Etymology 2
Unstressed form of dou.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
- Hyphenation: do
- Rhymes: -oː
Pronoun
do
- (Eupen) Reduced form of dou (“you”)
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dɔ/
Preposition
do (with genitive)
- to, into
- 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, p. 30:
- Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.
- Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.
- do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus
- do jsy ― to the village, into the village
- do wognja ― into the fire
- do njebja ― to heaven
- 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, p. 30:
Further reading
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “do”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999), “do”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Luxembourgish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/, [doː]
- Rhymes: -oː
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *þar.
Adverb
do
- there, in that place
Verb
do
- second-person singular imperative of doen
Nias
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀaq, from Proto-Austronesian *daʀaq. Compare Malay darah, Ilocano dara.
Noun
do (mutated form ndro)
- blood
References
- Sundermann, Heinrich. 1905. Niassisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Moers: Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, p. 52.
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology 1
Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.
Noun
do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doer or do, definite plural doene or doa)
- a toilet, a loo
- Synonyms: dass, toalett
Derived terms
- dodraug
- dolukt
- dopapir
- dorull
- dosete
- klappedo
- utedo
Noun
do m
- do (the musical note)
References
- “do” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology 1
Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /duː/
Noun
do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doar or do, definite plural doane or doa)
- a toilet, a loo
- Synonyms: dass, toalett
Etymology 2
From Old Norse þó.
Adverb
do
- anyhow, still, nevertheless
Derived terms
For other terms please refer to do (Bokmål) for the time being.
- dodraug
- dopapir
Etymology 3
From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
- Homophone: då
Noun
do m (definite singular do-en, indefinite plural do-ar, definite plural do-ane)
- (music) do, a syllable used in solfège to represent the second note of a major scale.
Coordinate terms
- (scale of solfège): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do
Verb
do
- (non-standard since 1917) past singular of døy
References
- “do” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Anagrams
- od
Old Irish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *do (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [do]
Preposition
do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)
- to, for
- indicates the subject of a verbal noun
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 97d10
- Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.
- It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 97d10
Inflection
Person | Normal | Emphatic |
---|---|---|
1st person sing. | dom, dam | domsa, damsa |
2d person sing. | duit, dait, d(e)it | duitsiu, de(i)tsiu, duitso, détso |
3d sing. masc./neut., dative | dó(u), dáu | dos(s)om |
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative | ||
3d sing. fem., dative | dí | dis(s)i |
3d sing. fem., accusative | ||
1st person pl. | dún(n), duún, dúun, dúin | dúnn(a)i |
2d person pl. | dúib | dúibsi |
3d person pl., dative | do(a)ib, duaib, dóib | doïbsom, doaibsem, dóibsem |
3d person pl., accusative |
Combinations with a definite article:
- don(d), dun(d) (“to/for the sg”)
- donaib, dunaib (“to/for the pl”)
Combinations with a possessive determiner:
- dom (“to/for my”)
- dot (“to/for your sg”)
- dia (“to/for his/her/their”)
- diar (“to/for our”)
Combinations with a relative pronoun:
- dia· (“to/for whom/which”)
Alternative forms
- du
Pronoun
do
- Alternative spelling of dó
Adverb
do
- Alternative spelling of dó
Etymology 2
From Proto-Celtic *towe.
Determiner
do (triggers lenition)
- your (singular)
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 274, 506
Old Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/
Etymology 1
From de + o, from Latin dē (“from”) + ubi (“where”).
Adverb
do
- where
Conjunction
do
- where
Etymology 2
See lemma.
Verb
do
- first-person singular present of dar
Pennsylvania German
Etymology
Compare German da.
Adverb
do
- here
- Heit iss en Feierdaag do in Amerikaa.
- Today is a holiday here in America.
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do, whence English to.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dɔ/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ɔ
- Syllabification: do
Preposition
do
- (+ genitive) to, towards (indicates an intended end-point or location)
- Zwykle jeżdżę do pracy pociągiem. ― I usually go to work by train.
- Chcę wrócić do domu. ― I want to go home. (literally, “I want to return to home.”)
- Synonym: (sometimes) na
- (+ genitive) into, in (indicates movement towards the interior of something)
- Proszę włożyć mleko do lodówki. ― Please put the milk in the fridge.
- (+ genitive) for, to (indicates an intended use or purpose, often analyzable as an verbal adjective or attributive noun in English)
- Zapomniałem szczoteczki do zębów. ― I forgot my toothbrush (literally, “I forgot brush for teeth.”)
- Masz ochotę na coś do picia? ― Do you fancy something to drink?
- (+ genitive) to (indicates the subject of an address or action)
- Napisałam do ciebie list. ― I wrote you a letter.
- Szymon w każdą sobotę dzwoni do mamy. ― Simon calls his mother every Saturday.
- (+ genitive) until, till, to
- Do zeszłego miesiąca mieszkałem całe życie w Łodzi. ― Until last month I had lived in Łódź my entire life.
- Pracujemy od dziewiątej do piątej. ― We work from nine to five.
- (+ genitive) up to, as many as
- Grozi mu do sześciu lat więzienia. ― He could get up to six years' imprisonment.
- Nasz syn ma tylko pięć lat, a już umie liczyć do stu. ― Our son is only five and can already count to 100.
- (+ genitive) by (indicates an intended deadline)
- Mój szef chce, żebym do jutra skończył raport. ― My boss wants me to finish the report by tomorrow.
Further reading
- do in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- do in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
Alternative forms
- d'o (dated)
Etymology
From Old Portuguese do, from de (“of, from”) + o (“the”). Akin to Spanish del and French du.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /du/
- (Madeira) IPA(key): /dø/
- Hyphenation: do
Contraction
do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)
- Contraction of de o (“of the, from the, -'s (masculine singular)”).
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 184:
- Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!
- I was hoping to meet you before dinner!
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:do.
See also
- da (feminine form)
- dos (plural form)
- das (feminine plural form)
Romanian
Etymology
From Italian do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /do/
Noun
do m (plural do)
- do (musical note)
Declension
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) do | doul | (niște) do | doi |
genitive/dative | (unui) do | doului | (unor) do | dolor |
vocative | doule | dolor |
Saterland Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
- Hyphenation: do
- Rhymes: -oː
Etymology 1
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Cognates include West Frisian de and German die.
Article
do (unstressed de)
- plural of die
Etymology 2
From Old Frisian thā, from Proto-Germanic *þan. Cognates include West Frisian dan and German dann.
Adverb
do
- then
References
- Marron C. Fort (2015), “die”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
- Marron C. Fort (2015), “do”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
Scottish Gaelic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (stressed) /t̪ɔ/, (unstressed) /t̪ə/
- Hyphenation: do
Etymology 1
From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do.
Determiner
do (triggers lenition)
- thy, your (singular)
- Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me.
See also
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
+ C | + V | + C | + V | |
First person | moL | m' | ar | arN |
Second person | doL | d' | ur | urN |
Third person m | aL | — | an, am1) | an |
Third person f | a | aH | ||
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis; N Triggers eclipsis; 1) Used before b-, f-, m- or p- |
Etymology 2
From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do.
Preposition
do (+ dative, triggers lenition)
- to
- Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year.
- for
- Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it.
Usage notes
- Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form do dh' may be used:
- Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ìle. ― We are going to Islay.
- If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into don or dhan:
- Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country.
- Tha mi a' dol dhan bhùth. ― I'm going to the shop.
Inflection
Personal inflection of do | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Person | Simple | Emphatic | ||||||
Singular | 1st | dhomh | dhòmhsa | ||||||
2nd | dhut | dhutsa | |||||||
3rd m | dha | dhàsan | |||||||
3rd f | dhi | dhìse | |||||||
Plural | 1st | dhuinn | dhuinne | ||||||
2nd | dhuibh | dhuibhse | |||||||
3rd | dhaibh | dhaibhsan |
Synonyms
- a
Derived terms
- an dèidh do
- 's urrainn do
Etymology 3
From Middle Irish ro-, from Old Irish ro-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-.
Particle
do (triggers lenition)
- indicates the past tense of a verb
- An do sgrìobh thu litir? ― Did you write a letter?
- Cha do bhrist mi an uinneag. ― I did break the window.
Usage notes
- Becomes dh' before a word beginning with a vowel or a lenited fh followed by a vowel.
- Dh'fhàg an t-òran brònach mi. ― The song made me sad.
- Dh'òl e am pinnt. ― He drank the pint.
- An do dh'innis mi thu mar-thà. ― Did I not already tell you.
- Usually omitted before a consonant except after particles such as an, cha etc.
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.
Pronunciation
audio (file) - IPA(key): /dô/
Adverb
dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏)
- only, except
- ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me
- ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread
- around, approximately
- do dva metra ― around two meters
- do 5 kila ― around five kilograms
- due to, because of
- to je do hrane ― that's due to the food
Preposition
dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) (+ genitive case)
- up to, to, until, as far as, by
- od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
- od jutra do mraka / od 5 do 10 sati ― from morning to night / from 5 to 10 o'clock
- od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom
- do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river
- sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven
- do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday
- do sada ― so far, thus far, till now
- do nedavna ― until recently
- do dana današnjega ― to this very day
- sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to
- do kuda ― how far
- do tuda ― thus far, up to here
- before (= prȉje/prȅ)
- do rata ― before the war
- beside, next (to)
- s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me
- jedan do drugoga ― side by side
- (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like
- nije mi do toga ― I don't feel like doing that
- nije mi do sm(ij)eha ― I don't feel like laughing
- njemu je samo do seksa ― he is only interested in sex
- nije mi puno stalo do toga ― I'm not very much interested in that
- nije do mene ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *dolъ.
Alternative forms
- dȏl
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dôː/
Noun
dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑)
- (regional, Bosnia, Serbia) dale, small valley
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | dȏ | dòlovi/dȏli |
genitive | dȍla | dolova/dola |
dative | dolu | dolovima/dolima |
accusative | do | dolove/dole |
vocative | dole | dolovi/doli |
locative | dolu | dolovima/dolima |
instrumental | dolom | dolovima/dolima |
Derived terms
- dolìna
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Italian do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dôː/
Noun
dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (indeclinable)
- (music) do
References
- “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal
- “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal
- “do” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdɔ/
Audio (file)
Preposition
do (+ genitive)
- into, in, to, until
Further reading
- do in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dɔ/
Preposition
do
- (with genitive) by (some time before the given time)
- (with genitive) till
Further reading
- “do”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdo/ [ˈd̪o]
- Rhymes: -o
- Syllabification: do
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Italian do.
Noun
do m (plural dos)
- do (musical note)
- C (musical note or key)
See also
- (notes): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si
Etymology 2
From Old Spanish do, from de (“from”) + o (“where”).
Adverb
do
- (obsolete) where
- Synonym: (modern) donde
Pronoun
do
- (obsolete) where
- Synonym: (modern) donde
Derived terms
- doquier
- doquiera
Further reading
- “do”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Taworta
Noun
do
- fire
Further reading
Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages
Turkish
Noun
do
- C (musical note)
Venetian
Verb
do
- first-person singular present indicative of dar (“I give”)
Vietnamese
Etymology
Sino-Vietnamese word from 由.
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [zɔ˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [jɔ˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [jɔ˧˧]
Audio (Ho Chi Minh City) (file)
Preposition
do
- (neutral passive voice marker) by
- Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]
- Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]
- because of; due to
Related terms
- (passive voice marker) bị (negative), được (positive)
Volapük
Conjunction
do
- though, although, even though
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
- Rhymes: -oː
Adverb
do
- yes
- indeed
- Do, es i i'r parc ddoe.
- Yes, I went to the park yesterday.
Usage notes
- Used to express an affirmative answer to verbs in the past tense.
Alternative forms
- da (colloquial)
- deuaf, dof (literary)
Verb
do
- first-person singular future colloquial of dod
Mutation
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
do | ddo | no | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Noun
do
- Soft mutation of to.
Mutation
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
to | do | nho | tho |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
West Frisian
Etymology 1
From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
- (unstressed) IPA(key): /də/
Pronoun
do
- (Clay) you, thou; informal second-person singular pronoun
- Ik hâld fan dy. ― I love you.
Inflection
Number | Person | Nominative | Objective | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Reflexive | Determiner | Pronoun | ||||
Singular | First | ik | my | mysels | myn | mines | |
Second | Informal | do/dû1 | dy | dysels | dyn | dines | |
Formal | jo | jo | josels | jo | jowes | ||
Third | Masculine | hy | him | himsels | syn | sines | |
Feminine | sy/hja1 | har | harsels | har | harres | ||
Neuter | it | it | himsels | syn | sines | ||
Plural | First | wy | ús | ússels | ús | uzes | |
Second | jim(me) | jim(me) | jimsels/jinsels | jim(me) | jimmes | ||
Third | sy/hja1 | har(ren) | harsels | har(ren) | harres | ||
1. Now mostly archaic and unused |
Alternative forms
- dû (Wood)
Further reading
- “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2
From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-West Germanic *dūbā.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
Noun
do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke)
- pigeon, dove
Further reading
- “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Italian do.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /doː/
Noun
do c (plural do's)
- do (musical note)
Further reading
- “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪o/
Verb
do
- (transitive) to find
- (transitive) to obtain, get hold of
- (transitive) to receive
Conjugation
Conjugation of do (action verb) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||
inclusive | exclusive | |||
1st person | todo | modo | ado | |
2nd person | nodo | fodo | ||
3rd person | inanimate | ido | dodo | |
animate | ||||
imperative | nodo, do | fodo, do |
References
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours, Pacific linguistics
Yoruba
Etymology 1
From do used in solfège to represent the first tonic of a major scale.
Alternative forms
- (abbreviated): D, d
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dò/
Noun
dò
- The syllable used to represent the low-tone and its diacritic (`)
- Ẹ bá mi fàmì sí "pàtàkì"
pà-tà-kì dò-dò-dò- Help me tone mark "pàtàkì"
pà-tà-kì low-tone, low-tone, low-tone
- Help me tone mark "pàtàkì"
See also
- mí
- re
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dó/
Verb
dó
- (vulgar) to fuck
Derived terms
- adóbò
- adódìí
- adóniláya
- dídó
- dóbò
- dókó
- dóni
- bí olókó ńlá bá dóni, gbíngbin làá gbin
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dó/
Verb
dó
- (transitive) to settle; to found a settlement
- Synonym: tẹ̀ dó
- Àwọn Àwórì ló kọ́kọ́ dó sí Èkó. ― The Awori people settled Lagos first.
- (transitive) to colonise
Derived terms
- àdádó
- Adó
- ìtẹ̀lúdó
- Oǹdó
Zazaki
Etymology
Related to Persian دوغ (duğ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ).
Noun
do ?
- airan
Zoogocho Zapotec
Noun
do
- mecate, rope made of maguey or hair fiber
References
- Long C., Rebecca; Cruz M., Sofronio (2000) Diccionario zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 38) (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 367