deug

deug

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɪø̯χ/

Etymology 1

From Dutch deugd, from Middle Dutch dōget, from Old Dutch *dugeth, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō (“usefulness, virtue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to be ready, be sufficient”).

Noun

deug (plural deugde)

1. virtue

Derived terms

• ondeug

Etymology 2

From Dutch deugen, from Middle Dutch dōgen, from Old Dutch dugan, from Proto-Germanic *duganą.

Verb

deug (present deug, present participle deugende, past participle gedeug)

1. (intransitive) to be appropriate, to be adequate, to be fitting
2. (intransitive) to be decent, to be virtuous

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Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -øːx

Verb

deug

1. first-person singular present indicative of deugen
2. imperative of deugen

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Old Irish

Etymology

If related to Welsh diod (“drink”), from Proto-Celtic *dī-āti-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”).

Alternatively, from *deǵʰ- (“liquid?”), hence Lithuanian dažyti (“to paint, dye”).[1][2]. Kloekhorst suggests that *deǵʰ- is the source of *dǵʰuH- (hence Ancient Greek ἰχθῡ́ς (ikhthū́s), Old Armenian ձուկն (jukn, “fish”), Lithuanian žuvis), rather than Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰu- (with *dʰ-). Since *dK- regularly yielded *iKt- in Greek (compare ἰκτῖνος (iktînos), ἑκατόν (hekatón)), this word-root should be reconstructed as containing Proto-Indo-European *d- as opposed to *dʰ-.[3]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʲeu̯ɣ/

Noun

deug f (genitive dige)

1. drink
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 27^a24

     Nachib·mided .i. nachib·berar i smachtu rechta fetarlicce, inna ndig et a mbiad, inna llíthu et a ssapati, act bad foirbthe far n‑iress.

     Let him not judge you, i.e. do not be borne into the institutions of the Law of the Old Testament, into their drink and their food, into their festivals and their sabbaths; but let your faith be perfect.

2. draught
3. potion

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	deugL	digL	deugaH
Vocative	deugL	digL	deugaH
Accusative	digN	digL	deugaH
Genitive	digeH	deugL	deugN
Dative	digL	deugaib	deugaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: deog, deoch
  • Irish: deoch
  • Manx: jough
  • Scottish Gaelic: deoch

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
deog	deog pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	ndeog
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

1. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “diod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
2. MacBain, Alexander; Mackay, Eneas (1911), “deug”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Stirling, →ISBN, page deog
3. Kortlandt, Frederik (2014), “Proto-Indo-European “thorn”-clusters”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎, volume 127, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, JSTOR 43857953

Further reading

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “deog, deoch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

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Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

• dheug

Etymology

From Middle Irish déc, from Old Irish deec, deac, from Proto-Celtic *dekam-kʷe (literally “and ten”), with loss of the first k by dissimilation.[1] Cognate with Irish déag and Manx jeig.

Numeral

deug

1. -teen

Usage notes

• Isn't used as a suffix, but as a separate word:

  ochd - eight

  ochd deug - eighteen

Derived terms

• dà dhusan dheug - gross, 144

Related terms

• deich - ten

References

1. Schrijver, Peter (1993), “Varia IV. OIr. dëec, dëac”, in Ériu, volume 44, pages 181–84