adnabod
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh adnabot, from an adjective form related to Proto-Celtic *ati-gninati (“to know”) (compare Old Irish ad·gnin) compounded with bod (“to be”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, a nasal-infix present of *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).
The form adwaen is from Proto-Celtic *ati-uɸo-gninati.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /adˈnabɔd/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /adˈnaːbɔd/, /adˈnabɔd/
- Rhymes: -abɔd
Verb
adnabod (first-person singular present adwaen)
- to recognize (to match in memory; to know from a previous encounter)
- to know (be acquainted or familiar with)
Usage notes
In the literary language, this verb means ‘recognize’/‘know’ (in the sense of French connaître and German kennen); in the colloquial language it means only ‘recognize’, while ‘know’ is nabod.
Conjugation
Conjugation
| Literary forms | singular | plural | impersonal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present indicative | adwaen, adwen | adweini, adwaenost | adwaen, adwen, edwyn | adwaenom, adwaenwn | adwaenoch, adwaenwch | adwaenant | adwaenir, adweinir |
| future/present habitual | adweinaf, adnabyddaf | adweini, adnabyddi | adwaen, adnebydd | adwaenwn, adnabyddwn | adwaenwch, adnabyddwch | adwaenant, adnabyddant | adnabyddir |
| imperfect indicative/conditional | adwaenwn | adwaenit | adwaenai | adwaenem | adwaenech | adwaenent, adwaenynt | adwaenid, adweinid |
| preterite | adnabûm, adnabyddais | adnabuost, adnabyddaist | adnabu, adnabyddodd | adnabuom, adnabyddom | adnabuoch, adnabyddoch | adnabuont, adnabuant, adnabyddont | adnabuwyd |
| pluperfect | adnabuaswn, adwaenaswn | adnabuasit, adwaenasit | adnabuasai, adwaenasai | adnabuasem, adwaenasem | adnabuasech, adwaenasech | adnabuasent, adwaenasent | adnabuasid, adnabuesid |
| present subjunctive | adnapwyf, adnabyddwyf | adnepych, adnabyddych | adnapo, adnabyddo | adnapom, adnabyddom | adnapoch, adnabyddoch | adnapont, adnabyddont | adnaper, adnabydder |
| imperfect subjunctive | adnapwn, adwaenwn, adnabyddwn | adnapit, adwaenit, adnabyddit | adnapai, adwaenai, adnabyddai | adnapem, adwaenem, adnabyddem | adnapech, adwaenech, adnabyddech | adnapent, adwaenent, adnabyddent | adnapid, adnabyddid |
| imperative | — | adnebydd | adnabydded | adnabyddwn | adnabyddwch | adnabyddent | adnaper, adnabydder, adwaener |
| verbal noun | adnabod | ||||||
| verbal adjectives | adnabodedig, adnabyddedig, adwaenedig adnabodadwy, adnabyddadwy | ||||||
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | adnabydda i, adnabyddaf i | adnabyddi di | adnabyddith o/e/hi, adnabyddiff e/hi | adnabyddwn ni | adnabyddwch chi | adnabyddan nhw |
| conditional | adnabyddwn i, adwaenwn i | adnabyddet ti, adwaenet ti | adnabyddai fo/fe/hi, adwaenai fo/fe/hi | adnabydden ni, adwaenen ni | adnabyddech chi, adwaenech chi | adnabydden nhw, adwaenen nhw |
| preterite | adnabyddais i, adnabyddes i | adnabyddaist ti, adnabyddest ti | adnabyddodd o/e/hi | adnabyddon ni | adnabyddoch chi | adnabyddon nhw |
| imperative | — | adnabydda | — | — | adnabyddwch} | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Synonyms
- (to know (be acquainted or familiar with)): nabod (colloquial)
Derived terms
- adnabyddus (“famous”)
- nabod (“to know (be acquainted or familiar with)”) (colloquial)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| adnabod | unchanged | unchanged | hadnabod |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “adwaen”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies