darllen
Welsh
Alternative forms
- darllain, darlleaw (obsolete)
Etymology
From Middle Welsh darllein, from Proto-Celtic *to- + *ɸare- + *leg-, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“gather”) (compare Latin legō (“to read”)).
Pronunciation
- (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈdarɬɛn/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈdarɬan/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈdarɬɛn/
- Rhymes: -arɬɛn
Verb
darllen (first-person singular present darllenaf)
- to read
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | darllenaf | darlleni | darllen | darllenwn | darllenwch | darllenant | darllenir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | darllenwn | darllenit | darllenai | darllenem | darllenech | darllenent | darllenid | |
| preterite | darllenais | darllenaist | darllenodd | darllenasom | darllenasoch | darllenasant | darllenwyd | |
| pluperfect | darllenaswn | darllenasit | darllenasai | darllenasem | darllenasech | darllenasent | darllenasid, darllenesid | |
| present subjunctive | darllenwyf | darllenych | darlleno | darllenom | darllenoch | darllenont | darllener | |
| imperative | — | darllen, darllena | darllened | darllenwn | darllenwch | darllenent | darllener | |
| verbal noun | darllen | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | darllenedig darllenadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | darllena i, darllenaf i | darlleni di | darllenith o/e/hi, darlleniff e/hi | darllenwn ni | darllenwch chi | darllenan nhw |
| conditional | darllenwn i, darllenswn i | darllenet ti, darllenset ti | darllenai fo/fe/hi, darllensai fo/fe/hi | darllenen ni, darllensen ni | darllenech chi, darllensech chi | darllenen nhw, darllensen nhw |
| preterite | darllenais i, darllenes i | darllenaist ti, darllenest ti | darllenodd o/e/hi | darllenon ni | darllenoch chi | darllenon nhw |
| imperative | — | darllena | — | — | darllenwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| darllen | ddarllen | narllen | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “darllenaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies