cáin
Irish
Etymology
From Old Irish cáin (“law, rule, fine, tax, tribute”). The verb is from Old Irish cáinid (“revile, rail at, reproach”), from the noun.
Pronunciation
- (Munster, Connacht) IPA(key): /kɑːnʲ/
- (Ulster) IPA(key): /kæːnʲ/
Noun
cáin f (genitive singular cánach or cána, nominative plural cánacha)
- (literary)
- law, rule, regulation, set of laws or rules or regulations
- due, tribute
- fine, penalty
- Synonym: fíneáil
- impost, tax, taxation
Declension
Standard inflection (fifth declension):
Fifth declension
Bare forms
| Forms with the definite article
|
Alternative inflection (third declension):
Third declension
Bare forms:
| Forms with the definite article:
|
Derived terms
- cáinaisnéis (“(governmental) budget”)
- cáin ancaireachta (“anchorage”)
- cáin charbóin (“carbon tax”)
- cáin ioncaim (“income-tax”)
Verb
cáin (present analytic cáineann, future analytic cáinfidh, verbal noun cáineadh, past participle cáinte) (transitive, intransitive)
- fine (issue a fine as punishment)
- criticise, condemn, censure
Conjugation
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | cáinim | cáineann tú; cáinir† | cáineann sé, sí | cáinimid | cáineann sibh | cáineann siad; cáinid† | a cháineann; a cháineas / a gcáineann*; a gcáineas* | cáintear |
past | cháin mé; cháineas | cháin tú; cháinis | cháin sé, sí | cháineamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; cháineabhair | cháin siad; cháineadar | a cháin / ar cháin* | cáineadh | |
past habitual | cháininn / gcáininn‡‡ | cháinteá / gcáinteᇇ | cháineadh sé, sí / gcáineadh sé, s퇇 | cháinimis; cháineadh muid / gcáinimis‡‡; gcáineadh muid‡‡ | cháineadh sibh / gcáineadh sibh‡‡ | cháinidís; cháineadh siad / gcáinidís‡‡; gcáineadh siad‡‡ | a cháineadh / a gcáineadh* | cháintí / gcáint퇇 | |
future | cáinfidh mé; cáinfead | cáinfidh tú; cáinfir† | cáinfidh sé, sí | cáinfimid; cáinfidh muid | cáinfidh sibh | cáinfidh siad; cáinfid† | a cháinfidh; a cháinfeas / a gcáinfidh*; a gcáinfeas* | cáinfear | |
conditional | cháinfinn / gcáinfinn‡‡ | cháinfeá / gcáinfeᇇ | cháinfeadh sé, sí / gcáinfeadh sé, s퇇 | cháinfimis; cháinfeadh muid / gcáinfimis‡‡; gcáinfeadh muid‡‡ | cháinfeadh sibh / gcáinfeadh sibh‡‡ | cháinfidís; cháinfeadh siad / gcáinfidís‡‡; gcáinfeadh siad‡‡ | a cháinfeadh / a gcáinfeadh* | cháinfí / gcáinf퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go gcáine mé; go gcáinead† | go gcáine tú; go gcáinir† | go gcáine sé, sí | go gcáinimid; go gcáine muid | go gcáine sibh | go gcáine siad; go gcáinid† | — | go gcáintear |
past | dá gcáininn | dá gcáinteá | dá gcáineadh sé, sí | dá gcáinimis; dá gcáineadh muid | dá gcáineadh sibh | dá gcáinidís; dá gcáineadh siad | — | dá gcáintí | |
imperative | cáinim | cáin | cáineadh sé, sí | cáinimis | cáinigí; cáinidh† | cáinidís | — | cáintear | |
verbal noun | cáineadh | ||||||||
past participle | cáinte |
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Alternative conjugation:
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | cánaim | cánann tú; cánair† | cánann sé, sí | cánaimid | cánann sibh | cánann siad; cánaid† | a chánann; a chánas / a gcánann*; a gcánas* | cántar |
past | cháin mé; chánas | cháin tú; chánais | cháin sé, sí | chánamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; chánabhair | cháin siad; chánadar | a cháin / ar cháin* | cánadh | |
past habitual | chánainn / gcánainn‡‡ | chántá / gcántᇇ | chánadh sé, sí / gcánadh sé, s퇇 | chánaimis; chánadh muid / gcánaimis‡‡; gcánadh muid‡‡ | chánadh sibh / gcánadh sibh‡‡ | chánaidís; chánadh siad / gcánaidís‡‡; gcánadh siad‡‡ | a chánadh / a gcánadh* | chántaí / gcánta퇇 | |
future | cánfaidh mé; cánfad | cánfaidh tú; cánfair† | cánfaidh sé, sí | cánfaimid; cánfaidh muid | cánfaidh sibh | cánfaidh siad; cánfaid† | a chánfaidh; a chánfas / a gcánfaidh*; a gcánfas* | cánfar | |
conditional | chánfainn / gcánfainn‡‡ | chánfá / gcánfᇇ | chánfadh sé, sí / gcánfadh sé, s퇇 | chánfaimis; chánfadh muid / gcánfaimis‡‡; gcánfadh muid‡‡ | chánfadh sibh / gcánfadh sibh‡‡ | chánfaidís; chánfadh siad / gcánfaidís‡‡; gcánfadh siad‡‡ | a chánfadh / a gcánfadh* | chánfaí / gcánfa퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go gcána mé; go gcánad† | go gcána tú; go gcánair† | go gcána sé, sí | go gcánaimid; go gcána muid | go gcána sibh | go gcána siad; go gcánaid† | — | go gcántar |
past | dá gcánainn | dá gcántá | dá gcánadh sé, sí | dá gcánaimis; dá gcánadh muid | dá gcánadh sibh | dá gcánaidís; dá gcánadh siad | — | dá gcántaí | |
imperative | cánaim | cáin | cánadh sé, sí | cánaimis | cánaigí; cánaidh† | cánaidís | — | cántar | |
verbal noun | cánadh | ||||||||
past participle | cánta |
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Mutation
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
cáin | cháin | gcáin |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "cáin" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “cáin” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáin”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáinid”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kaːnʲ/
Noun
cáin f
- law (system, set of regulations), regulation, rule
- legal due, fine, tax, tribute
Inflection
Feminine i-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | |||
Vocative | |||
Accusative | |||
Genitive | |||
Dative | |||
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms
- cáinid
- cánachas
Descendants
- Irish: cáin
- Scottish Gaelic: càin
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
cáin | cháin | cáin pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/ |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáin”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299