crusade

crusade

See also: Crusade

English

Alternative forms

• (medieval history): Crusade

Etymology

From French croisade, introduced in English (in the French spelling) by 1575. The modern spelling emerges c. 1760,. Middle French croisade is introduced in the 15th century, based on Spanish cruzada (late 14th century) and Old Occitan crozada (early 13th century), both reflecting Medieval Latin cruciāta, cruxiata, the feminine singular of the adjective cruciātus used as an abstract noun.

Adjectival cruciātus originally meant "tormented; crucified", but from the 12th century crucesignatus was also used for "marked with a cross; making the sign of the cross" and eventually "taking the cross" in the sense of "going on a crusade".

Old Occitan crozada is used in the sense "[the Albigensian] crusade" in the Song of the Albigensian crusade, written c. 1213. From vernacular usage, Middle Latin cruciāta also comes to be used in the sense "crusade" from about 1270.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɹuːˈseɪd/
• Rhymes: -eɪd

• Audio (US)

  (file)

Noun

crusade (plural crusades)

1. (historical) Any of the Papally-endorsed military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Latin Europe in the 11th to 13th centuries to reconquer the Levant from the Muslims, as well as expeditions along the Baltic Sea and against the Cathars.

   During the crusades, many Muslims and Christians and Jews were slaughtered.

   • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], OCLC 21345056, page 87:

     Their way lay through the hall, where hung the helm of many a bold forefather, and arms that had seen service even in the crusades.

2. Any war instigated and blessed by the Church for alleged religious ends, (especially) papal-sanctioned military campaigns against infidels or heretics.
3. (figuratively) A grand concerted effort toward some purportedly worthy cause.

   a crusade against drug abuse

4. (politics, Protestantism, dated) A mass gathering in a political campaign or during a religious revival effort.
   • 1994, Nixon, Richard, “America Beyond Peace”, in Beyond Peace‎, New York: Random House, →ISBN, LCCN 94-10184, OCLC 30071886, page 239:

     The same period that has seen social and political crusades increasingly replace religious messages in the pulpits has seen a sharp 35 percent decline in membership of the mainline Protestant denominations associated with the National Council of Churches.

5. (archaic) A Portuguese coin; a crusado.

Derived terms

• crusader

Related terms

• cross
• crucial
• crucifer
• crucifixion
• crucify
• excruciate
• excruciation

 

Translations

military expedition

Afrikaans: kruistog (af) Albanian: kryqëzatë (sq) f Arabic: حَمْلَة صَلِيبِيَّة‎ f (ḥamla ṣalībiyya) Armenian: խաչակրաց արշավանք (hy) (xačʿakracʿ aršavankʿ), խաչակրություն (hy) (xačʿakrutʿyun) Middle Armenian: բասաճ (basač) Belarusian: крыжо́вы пахо́д m (kryžóvy paxód) Bulgarian: кръстоно́сен по́ход m (krǎstonósen póhod) Catalan: croada (ca) f Czech: křížová výprava (cs) f, kruciáta (cs) f Danish: korstog n Dutch: kruistocht (nl) m, kruisvaart (nl) m or f Esperanto: krucmilito Estonian: ristisõda (et) (war), ristiretk (campaign) Finnish: ristiretki (fi) French: croisade (fr) f Galician: cruzada f Georgian: ჯვაროსნობა (ǯvarosnoba), ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობა (ǯvarosnuli laškroba) German: Kreuzzug (de) m Hebrew: מַסַּע צְלָב‎ m (masá tslav) Hungarian: keresztes hadjárat (hu) Icelandic: krossferð f Ido: krucomilito (io) Italian: crociata (it) f Macedonian: крстоносна војна f (krstonosna vojna) Norwegian: Bokmål: korstog (no) n Polish: krucjata (pl) f, wyprawa krzyżowa (pl) f Portuguese: cruzada f Romanian: cruciadă (ro) f Russian: кресто́вый похо́д (ru) m (krestóvyj poxód) Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: крижарски рат m, крижарска војна f, крсташки рат m Roman: križarski rat m, križarska vojna f, krstaški rat m Slovak: križiacka výprava f Slovene: križarska vojna (sl) f Spanish: cruzada (es) f Swedish: korståg (sv) n Turkish: Haçlı Seferleri pl Ukrainian: хресто́вий похі́д m (xrestóvyj poxíd)

grand concerted effort

Afrikaans: kruistog (af) Albanian: kryqëzatë (sq) f Arabic: حَرْب صَلِيبِيَّة‎ f (ḥarb ṣalībiyya) Belarusian: крыжо́вы пахо́д m (kryžóvy paxód) Bulgarian: кръстоно́сен по́ход m (krǎstonósen póhod) Catalan: croada (ca) f Chinese: Mandarin: 十字軍／十字军 (zh) (shízìjūn) Czech: křížová výprava (cs) f Danish: korstog n Dutch: kruistocht (nl) m Esperanto: krucmilito Finnish: ristiretki (fi) French: croisade (fr) f German: Kreuzzug (de) m, Feldzug (de) m Greek: σταυροφορία (el) f (stavroforía) Hungarian: hadjárat (hu), kampány (hu) Italian: crociata (it) f Japanese: 十字軍 (じゅうじぐん, jūjigun) Korean: 십자군(十字軍) (ko) (sipjagun) Latvian: krusta karš Maltese: krusadi, kruċjati Norwegian: Bokmål: korstog (no) n Nynorsk: krossferd f, krosstog n, korstog n Polish: krucjata (pl) f Portuguese: cruzada f Romanian: cruciadă (ro) Russian: кресто́вый похо́д (ru) m (krestóvyj poxód) Slovak: križiacka výprava f Spanish: cruzada (es) f Swedish: korståg (sv) Turkish: mücadele (tr) Ukrainian: хресто́вий похі́д m (xrestóvyj poxíd)

Verb

crusade (third-person singular simple present crusades, present participle crusading, simple past and past participle crusaded)

1. (intransitive) To go on a military crusade.
2. (intransitive) To make a grand concerted effort toward some purportedly worthy cause.

   He crusaded against similar injustices for the rest of his life.

Translations

to make a grand concerted effort

Finnish: olla ristiretkellä, taistella (fi), kampanjoida (fi) Turkish: mücadele etmek (tr)

See also

• holy war
• jihad

References

• AskOxford.com

Further reading

• crusade in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• crusade in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911
• Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “crusade”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.