AD

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ad"

Translingual

Symbol

AD

(international standards) ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Andorra.
Synonym: AND (alpha-3)

English

Alternative forms

A.D.
(anno Domini) A. D.

Pronunciation

(General American) IPA^(key): /ˌeɪˈdi/
audio (US) (file)

Adverb

AD

(often punctuated) Initialism of anno Domini (borrowed from Latin); in the year of our Lord.
They had a vibrant culture from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD.
Today is 25 February AD 2023.
- 1916 September 23, The Saturday Evening Post, volume 189, number 13, page 3:
  Founded A^O.D^I. 1728 by Benj. Franklin
- 2010, John Moretti, “Perugia, Assisi & Northern Umbria”, in Florence, Tuscany & Umbria (Frommer’s), 7th edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., →ISBN, section 2 (Assisi: An Artistic Pilgrimage), page 393:
  But keep on the lookout for the 1st-century-a.d. stele on the right wall, with symbols of the deceased’s civic scribely duties (a scroll and codex), and the fresco remnants around to the left.

Usage notes

The initialism is used to specify numbered years counting from the once estimated birth of Christ in year 1.
The Chicago Manual of Style, as well as most house styles, requires placing AD before the number of the year and BC after, although in casual use either abbreviation can be found in either place. It is placed after centuries. It is often printed in small caps.
Some use CE, for "Common Era", which is more secular in nature, to avoid potential Christian bias.
"AD" is not normally used in expressions like "in the year AD 1990", since in such a year it is taken for granted (and it is also redundant, literally meaning "in the year in the year of our Lord 1990"). In "Vesuvius erupted in AD 79", it is expected.

Synonyms

(anno Domini): AC, A.C. (anno Christi); anno Domini, Anno Domini, CE, Christian Era, in the year of our Lord

Antonyms

(anno Domini): AC, A.C. (ante Christum); b.c., BC, B.C. (before Christ); BCE

Translations

anno Domini

Arabic: حِقْبَة عَامَّة‎ f (ḥiqba ʿāmma), بَعْدَ الْمِيلَاد‎ (baʿda l-mīlād)
Armenian: մ.թ. (m.tʿ.), Ք.հ. (Kʿ.h.)
Belarusian: ад Н. Х. (ad N. X.), на́шай э́ры (nášaj éry)
Bulgarian: сл. Хр. (sl. Hr.) (след Xpиста (sled Xpista))
Catalan: dC (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 公元 (zh) (gōngyuán), 西元 (zh) (xīyuán)
Czech: po Kr. (cs) (po Kristu (cs)), AD (cs)
Danish: e.Kr. (efter Kristus)
Dutch: n. Chr (na Christus)
Esperanto: p.K. (eo) (post Kristo)
Finnish: jKr. (fi) (jälkeen Kristuksen)
French: ap. J.-C. (fr), apr. J.-C. (fr) (après Jésus-Christ); en l'an de grâce (archaic)
Georgian: ახ. წ. (ax. c̣.), ჩვ. წ. (ka) (čv. c̣.)
German: n. Chr. (de) (nach Christus, nach Christo); n. Chr. Geb., n. Chr. G. (nach Christi Geburt)
Greek: μ.Χ. (el) (m.Ch.) (metá Christón)
Hebrew: לַסְּפִירָה‎ (lasfirá), לסה"נ‎ (lisfirát hanotzrím) (acronym), לְמִנְיָנָם‎ (l'minyanám) (used by religious jews)
Hindi: आम युग (ām yug), कॉमन युग (kŏman yug), वर्तमान युग (vartamān yug), सीई (sīī) (CE)
Hungarian: Kr. u. (hu) (Krisztus után)
Indonesian: M (id) (Masehi)
Italian: d.C. (dopo Cristo)
Japanese: 西暦 (ja) (せいれき, seireki), 紀元 (ja) (きげん, kigen), 西紀 (ja) (せいき, seiki)
Khmer: គ.ស. (km) (kɔɔsɑɑ), គ្រិស្តសករាជ (km) (krɨh saʼkraac)
Korean: 서력(西曆) (ko) (seoryeok), 기원후(紀元後) (ko) (giwonhu), 서기(西紀) (ko) (seogi),
Latin: A. C., AC (la) (anno Christi); A. D., AD (la) (anno Domini); p. Chr. n. (la), p. Chr. (la) (post Christum [natum])
Lithuanian: po Kr. (po Kristaus)
Macedonian: н.е. (mk) (n.e.)
Malay: M (Masihi)
Navajo: Doodaatsaahii biʼdizhchį́į́ dóó bikʼijįʼ
Norwegian:
Bokmål: AD, a.D. (anno Domini)
Polish: po Chr. (pl) (po Chrystusie); p.n.Chr. (po narodzeniu Chrystusa)
Portuguese: DC (pt), d.C. (pt) (depois de Cristo)
Romanian: d.Hr. (după Hristos)
Russian: по́сле Р. Хр. (pósle R. Xr.); н. э. (n. e.), на́шей э́ры (nášej éry)
Slovak: po Kr. (po Kristovi)
Slovene: n. št.
Spanish: d.C. (después de Cristo)
Swahili: BK (baada ya Kristo)
Swedish: e.Kr. (sv) (efter Kristus)
Tagalog: M.K. (Mula kay Kristo)
Thai: ค.ศ. (th) (kɔɔ.sɔ̌ɔ.), คริสต์ศักราช (th) (krít-sàk-gà-ràat)
Ukrainian: від Р. Х. (vid R. X.), н. е. (n. e.), на́шої е́ри (nášoji éry)

Noun

AD (plural ADs)

(film) Initialism of assistant director.
(military) Initialism of air defence or air defense.
(pharmacology) Initialism of antidepressant.
(US, Navy) Initialism of auxiliary destroyer (a naval tender, a destroyer tender that tends to destroyers).
(uncountable, pathology) Initialism of Alzheimer's disease.
- 2015 — Larochelle, Stéphane (December 2015). "STOMPing at the bits". Nature Methods 12 (12): 1114. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3679. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  Many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), involve pathological protein deposits.
(aviation) Initialism of airworthiness directive.
(business) Initialism of anti-dumping.
(television) Abbreviation of audio description.

Hyponyms

(airworthiness directive): EAD

Coordinate terms

(destroyer tender): AS

Proper noun

AD

Abu Dhabi

Anagrams

D. A., D.A., DA, Da, da

Indonesian

Noun

AD

Initialism of angkatan darat.
Initialism of anggaran dasar.
Initialism of anno Domini.

Italian

Noun

AD m or f by sense (invariable)

Initialism of amministratore delegato (“CEO”).

Anagrams

da, da', dà

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

a.D.

Etymology

First part short for anno from Latin annō, ablative of annus (“year; time”), from Proto-Italic *atnos (“year”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, from *h₂et- (“to go”).

Last part short for Domini from Latin Dominī, genitive singular of Dominus (“The Lord”), of dominus (“lord, master of a house”), from Proto-Italic *domanos, from Proto-Indo-European *domh₂nos (“subduing”), from *demh₂- (“to domesticate, tame”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑː.deː/, /ˈanːʊ.dʊˈmiːnɪ/
Audio (file)
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -eː, -iːnɪ
Hyphenation: A‧D
Homophones: anno Domini, a.D.

Phrase

AD

Initialism of anno Domini (“Anno Domini”).
- 2002, Cecilie Høigård, Gategallerier:
  [AD] kan også bety noe annet enn Angel Devious, det kan bety Anno Domini
  [AD] can also mean something other than Angel Devious, it can mean Anno Domini

References

“AD” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“AD” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
“a.D. (anno Domini)” in Store norske leksikon

Anagrams

a.D., ad, da

Swedish

Proper noun

AD c (genitive AD:s)

Abbreviation of Arbetsdomstolen (“Labour Court”). (the Swedish Labour Court)

Noun

AD c

a combination of vitamin A and D, given to children (in 2008 replaced by only vitamin D)
Initialism of art director.
(soccer) Initialism of assisterande domare (“assistant referee”).

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

AD-droppar

Anagrams

da, da.