cognosco
Italian
Verb
cognosco
- (obsolete) first-person singular present indicative of cognoscere
Latin
Alternative forms
- cōnōscō, cognēscō
- *connōscō, *connēscō, *cōnōscō, *cōnēscō (comparatively reconstructed)
Etymology
From con- (prefix indicating completion) + gnōscō (“to know”). Popular forms included 1) modifications to the prefix as cō- (like cōnīveō, cōnectō) and later unattested con- (like connīveō, connectō), and 2) modifications to the stem, with the vowel /ō/ replaced by /ē/ after -ēscō.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /koɡˈnoːs.koː/, [kɔŋˈnoːs̠koː]
- (Late Latin) IPA(key): /koːˈnoːs.koː/, [koːˈnoːs̠koː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /koɲˈɲos.ko/, [koɲˈɲɔsko]
Verb
cognōscō (present infinitive cognōscere, perfect active cognōvī, supine cognitum); third conjugation
- I learn, get to know
- Synonyms: agnōscō, inveniō, sentiō, cōnsciō, sapiō, sciō, nōscō, scīscō, intellegō, percipiō, discernō, comperiō, tongeō, cernō, audiō
- Antonyms: ignōrō, nesciō
- ab (or ex) aliqua cognoscere ― to learn from someone
- 100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.21:
- Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cognoscerent misit.
- Having been informed by explorers that the enemy had sat down at the feet of a mount about eight thousand paces away from his camp, he [Julius Caesar] sent men to know what the mount was like and what was its ascent.
- Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cognoscerent misit.
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ecclesiastes 3:12-13:
- Et cognovi quod non esset melius nisi laetari et facere bene in vita sua.
Omnis enim homo qui comedit et bibit et videt bonum de labore suo: hoc donum Dei est.- And I learned that there's nothing better than to be happy and do good in one's life. Every person who eats and drinks and sees the fruit of work: this is God's gift.
- Et cognovi quod non esset melius nisi laetari et facere bene in vita sua.
- I am acquainted (with someone), I recognize, apprehend
- c. 194 BCE, Plautus, Poenulus 1130:
- Giddene(ne)s. "Cognoscin Giddenenem ancillam tuam?". Hanno. Novi.
- "Do you know Giddenes, your servant maid?" "I know her".
- Giddene(ne)s. "Cognoscin Giddenenem ancillam tuam?". Hanno. Novi.
- (in perfect tense) I know, perceive, understand
- Synonyms: comprehendō, dēprehendō, apprehendō, accipiō, concipiō, teneō, apīscor, capiō, complector, excipiō, cōnsequor, exaudiō
- 86 BCE – c. 35 BCE, Sallust, Jugurtha 79:
- Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu adciderit, parum cognovi.
- The Cyrenians went late. I know little about whether this event of laziness truly happened.
- Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu adciderit, parum cognovi.
- 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Ad Atticum 15.17:
- De consulum ficto timore cognoveram; Sicca enim φιλοστόργως ille quidem sed tumultuosius ad me etiam illam suspicionem pertulit.
- I knew about the consuls' imagined fear; our beloved man Sicca told me of course, even if rather disturbed, about that speculation too.
- De consulum ficto timore cognoveram; Sicca enim φιλοστόργως ille quidem sed tumultuosius ad me etiam illam suspicionem pertulit.
- I have sex with, (biblical) to know
- 43 BCE – c. 17 CE, Ovid, Heroides 6.133-4:
- Turpiter illa virum cognovit adultera virgo;
me tibi, teque mihi, taeda pudica dedit.- Shamelessly, she lay with a man as an adulterous virgin, (but) a chaste wedding torch gave me to you, and you to me.
- Turpiter illa virum cognovit adultera virgo;
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Genesis 4:1:
- Adam vero cognovit Havam uxorem suam, quae concepit et peperit Cain
- Adam knew his wife Eve, who conceived and gave birth to Cain
- Adam vero cognovit Havam uxorem suam, quae concepit et peperit Cain
Conjugation
| Conjugation of cognōscō (third conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | cognōscō | cognōscis | cognōscit | cognōscimus | cognōscitis | cognōscunt |
| imperfect | cognōscēbam | cognōscēbās | cognōscēbat | cognōscēbāmus | cognōscēbātis | cognōscēbant | |
| future | cognōscam | cognōscēs | cognōscet | cognōscēmus | cognōscētis | cognōscent | |
| perfect | cognōvī | cognōvistī, cognōstī1 | cognōvit | cognōvimus, cognōmus1 | cognōvistis, cognōstis1 | cognōvērunt, cognōvēre, cognōrunt1 | |
| pluperfect | cognōveram, cognōram1 | cognōverās, cognōrās1 | cognōverat, cognōrat1 | cognōverāmus, cognōrāmus1 | cognōverātis, cognōrātis1 | cognōverant, cognōrant1 | |
| future perfect | cognōverō, cognōrō1 | cognōveris, cognōris1 | cognōverit, cognōrit1 | cognōverimus, cognōrimus1 | cognōveritis, cognōritis1 | cognōverint, cognōrint1 | |
| passive | present | cognōscor | cognōsceris, cognōscere | cognōscitur | cognōscimur | cognōsciminī | cognōscuntur |
| imperfect | cognōscēbar | cognōscēbāris, cognōscēbāre | cognōscēbātur | cognōscēbāmur | cognōscēbāminī | cognōscēbantur | |
| future | cognōscar | cognōscēris, cognōscēre | cognōscētur | cognōscēmur | cognōscēminī | cognōscentur | |
| perfect | cognitus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | cognitus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | cognitus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | cognōscam | cognōscās | cognōscat | cognōscāmus | cognōscātis | cognōscant |
| imperfect | cognōscerem | cognōscerēs | cognōsceret | cognōscerēmus | cognōscerētis | cognōscerent | |
| perfect | cognōverim, cognōrim1 | cognōverīs, cognōrīs1 | cognōverit, cognōrit1 | cognōverīmus, cognōrīmus1 | cognōverītis, cognōrītis1 | cognōverint, cognōrint1 | |
| pluperfect | cognōvissem, cognōssem1 | cognōvissēs, cognōssēs1 | cognōvisset, cognōsset1 | cognōvissēmus, cognōssēmus1 | cognōvissētis, cognōssētis1 | cognōvissent, cognōssent1 | |
| passive | present | cognōscar | cognōscāris, cognōscāre | cognōscātur | cognōscāmur | cognōscāminī | cognōscantur |
| imperfect | cognōscerer | cognōscerēris, cognōscerēre | cognōscerētur | cognōscerēmur | cognōscerēminī | cognōscerentur | |
| perfect | cognitus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | cognitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | cognōsce | — | — | cognōscite | — |
| future | — | cognōscitō | cognōscitō | — | cognōscitōte | cognōscuntō | |
| passive | present | — | cognōscere | — | — | cognōsciminī | — |
| future | — | cognōscitor | cognōscitor | — | — | cognōscuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | cognōscere | cognōvisse, cognōsse1 | cognitūrum esse | cognōscī | cognitum esse | cognitum īrī | |
| participles | cognōscēns | — | cognitūrus | — | cognitus | cognōscendus, cognōscundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| cognōscendī | cognōscendō | cognōscendum | cognōscendō | cognitum | cognitū | ||
1The verb "nōscō" and its compounds frequently drop the syllables "vi" and "ve" from their perfect, pluperfect and future perfect conjugations.
Derived terms
- cognitio
- incognitus
- recōgnoscō
Descendants
- Balkan Romance:
- Aromanian: cunoscu, cunoashtiri
- Megleno-Romanian: cunos
- Romanian: cunoaște, cunoaștere
- Istriot:
- cugnussi
- Italo-Romance:
- Corsican: cunnosce
- Italian: conoscere
- Sicilian: canùsciri, cunùsciri
- North Italian:
- Friulian: cognossi, cognoši
- Gallo-Italic:
- Lombard: cognoss, cognèss
- Piedmontese: cognòsse, conòsse
- Romansch: enconuscher, conuscher, canuscher, canoscher, cugnuoscher
- Venetian: conoser, conosar, cognósar
- Gallo-Romance:
- Bourguignon: quenoître
- Champenois: quenoître, connoître
- Lorrain: quenoche, conoche
- Norman: counaître (France, Guernsey), connaître (Jersey)
- Old French: conoistre
- French: connaître
- Picard: connoéte
- Walloon: kinoxhe, conoxhe, cnoxhe
- Occitano-Romance:
- Catalan: conèixer, conextre
- Old Occitan: conoixer
- Lengadocian:
- Eastern: conóisser
- Western: conéisser
- Auvergnat:
- Eastern: conustre
- Western: conússer
- Limousin:
- Southern: coneisser
- Northern: coneitre
- Gascon:
- Central: conéisher
- Pyrenean: conéguer
- Provençal: conóisser
- Vivaro-Alpine: conóisser, conéisser
- Lengadocian:
- Ibero-Romance:
- Asturian: conocer, coñocer
- Navarro-Aragonese: conyoscer
- Aragonese: conoixer, conoxer, coneixer
- Old Portuguese: connocer
- Fala: coñocel
- Galician: coñecer
- Portuguese: conhecer
- Old Spanish: connoçer
- Spanish: conocer
- Sardinian:
- Sardinian: connòschere, connosci, connòsciri, connòssere
- Borrowings:
- → English: cognosce
- → Scots: cognosce
References
- “cognosco”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “cognosco”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- cognosco in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- to study Plato: Platonem legere et cognoscere
- to hold an inquiry into a matter: aliquid, causam cognoscere
- to study Plato: Platonem legere et cognoscere
- cognosco in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
- Online Latin dictionary, Olivetti