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单词 cog
释义

cog

See also: COG

English

Pronunciation

  • (Received Pronunciation) enPR: kŏg, IPA(key): /kɒɡ/
  • (General American) enPR: kŏg, kôg, IPA(key): /kɑɡ/, /kɔɡ/
  • Rhymes: -ɒɡ, -ɔːɡ
  • Audio (UK)(file)

Etymology 1

Cogwheel showing the teeth (cogs).

From Middle English cogge, from Old Norse [Term?] (compare Norwegian kugg (“cog”), Swedish kugg, kugge (“cog, tooth”)), from Proto-Germanic *kuggō (compare Dutch kogge (“cogboat”), German Kock), from Proto-Indo-European *gugā (“hump, ball”) (compare Lithuanian gugà (“pommel, hump, hill”)), from *gēw- (“to bend, arch”).

The meaning of “cog” in carpentry derives from association with a tooth on a cogwheel.

Noun

cog (plural cogs)

  1. A tooth on a gear.
  2. A gear; a cogwheel.
  3. An unimportant individual in a greater system.
    • 1976, Norman Denny (English translation), Victor Hugo (original French), Les Misérables
      ‘There are twenty-five of us, but they don’t reckon I’m worth anything. I’m just a cog in the machine.’
    • 1988, David Mamet, Speed-the-Plow
      Your boss tells you “take initiative,” you best guess right—and you do, then you get no credit. Day-in, … smiling, smiling, just a cog.
  4. (carpentry) A projection or tenon at the end of a beam designed to fit into a matching opening of another piece of wood to form a joint.
  5. (mining) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.
Derived terms
  • cog joint
  • cog mill
  • cograil
  • cog railway
  • cogwheel
  • hunting cog
Translations
cogwheel — see gear wheel

Verb

cog (third-person singular simple present cogs, present participle cogging, simple past and past participle cogged)

  1. To furnish with a cog or cogs.
  2. (intransitive) Of an electric motor or generator, to snap preferentially to certain positions when not energized.

Etymology 2

A modern replica of a cog (ship).

From Middle English cogge, from Middle Dutch kogge, cogghe (modern kogge), from Proto-Germanic *kuggō (compare German Kock (“cogboat”), Norwegian kugg (“cog (gear tooth)”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gugā (“hump, ball”) (compare Lithuanian gugà (“pommel, hump, hill”)), from *gēw- (“to bend, arch”). See etymology 1 above.

Noun

cog (plural cogs)

  1. (historical) A clinker-built, flat-bottomed, square-rigged mediaeval ship of burden, or war with a round, bulky hull and a single mast, typically 15 to 25 meters in length.
    • 1952, C. S. Lewis, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
      The name of the ship was Dawn Treader. She was only a little bit of a thing compared with one of our ships, or even with the cogs, dromonds, carracks and galleons which Narnia had owned when Lucy and Edmund had reigned there under Peter as the High King, for nearly all navigation had died out in the reigns of Caspian's ancestors.
  2. (by extension) A small fishing boat.
Translations

Etymology 3

Uncertain. Both verb and noun appear first in 1532.

Noun

cog (plural cogs)

  1. A trick or deception; a falsehood.
    • 1602, William Watson, Quodlibets Religious and State:
      False suggestions, shamelesse cogs, and impious forgeries.
Translations

Verb

cog (third-person singular simple present cogs, present participle cogging, simple past and past participle cogged)

  1. To load (a die) so that it can be used to cheat.
  2. To cheat; to play or gamble fraudulently.
    • 1726, Jonathan Swift (debated), Molly Mog
      For guineas in other men's breeches, / Your gamesters will palm and will cog.
  3. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat.
    • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene ii]:
      I'll mountebank their loves,
      Cog their hearts from them.
  4. To plagiarize.
    • 1979, Tri-Quarterly (issues 46-47, page 273)
      […] his themes and exercises were in constant demand for what we called cogging and American students rather grandly called plagiarization. Shakespeare and Eliot plagiarized; we grimly cogged in the early morning-oh, […]
    • 2006, Verve: The Spirit of Today's Woman (volume 14, issues 4-6, page 51)
      Coming to journalism, how many of us have not been guilty at some stage of 'cogging' from other articles, […]
      1879, Dennis O'Sullivan, The Stirring Adventures of Corp'l Morgan Rattler‎, F. Tousey, OCLC 1103247806, page 8:
      I wasn't able to translate two verses in Virgil or Homer , without “ cogging " from some fellow - student ; but I was eternally repeating passages from the poems of Byron , Moore , and Scott ; while I gloried in the soul - stirring ...
  5. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; to palm off.
    to cog in a word
    • October 3, 1718, John Dennis, letter to S. T. , Esq; On the Deceitfulness of Rumour
      Fustian tragedies […] have […] been cogg'd upon the town for Master-pieces.
Translations

Noun

cog (plural cogs)

  1. Alternative form of cogue (“wooden vessel for milk”)

Anagrams

  • CGO, OGC

Irish

Etymology

Back-formation from cogadh (“war”).

Verb

cog (present analytic cogann, future analytic cogfaidh, verbal noun cogadh, past participle cogtha)

  1. (rare or archaic) to war, wage war

Conjugation

First Conjugation (A)
singularpluralrelativeautonomous
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativepresentcogaimcogann tú;
cogair†		cogann sé, sícogaimidcogann sibhcogann siad;
cogaid†		a chogann; a chogas /
a gcogann*; a gcogas*		cogtar
pastchog mé; chogaschog tú; chogaischog sé, síchogamar; chog muidchog sibh; chogabhairchog siad; chogadara chog /
ar chog*		cogadh
past habitualchogainn / gcogainn‡‡chogtá / gcogtᇇchogadh sé, sí / gcogadh sé, s퇇chogaimis; chogadh muid / gcogaimis‡‡; gcogadh muid‡‡chogadh sibh / gcogadh sibh‡‡chogaidís; chogadh siad / gcogaidís‡‡; gcogadh siad‡‡a chogadh /
a gcogadh*		chogtaí / gcogta퇇
futurecogfaidh mé;
cogfad		cogfaidh tú;
cogfair†		cogfaidh sé, sícogfaimid;
cogfaidh muid		cogfaidh sibhcogfaidh siad;
cogfaid†		a chogfaidh; a chogfas /
a gcogfaidh*; a gcogfas*		cogfar
conditionalchogfainn / gcogfainn‡‡chogfá / gcogfᇇchogfadh sé, sí / gcogfadh sé, s퇇chogfaimis; chogfadh muid / gcogfaimis‡‡; gcogfadh muid‡‡chogfadh sibh / gcogfadh sibh‡‡chogfaidís; chogfadh siad / gcogfaidís‡‡; gcogfadh siad‡‡a chogfadh /
a gcogfadh*		chogfaí / gcogfa퇇
subjunctivepresentgo gcoga mé;
go gcogad†		go gcoga tú;
go gcogair†		go gcoga sé, sígo gcogaimid;
go gcoga muid		go gcoga sibhgo gcoga siad;
go gcogaid†		—go gcogtar
pastdá gcogainndá gcogtádá gcogadh sé, sídá gcogaimis;
dá gcogadh muid		dá gcogadh sibhdá gcogaidís;
dá gcogadh siad		—dá gcogtaí
imperativecogaimcogcogadh sé, sícogaimiscogaigí;
cogaidh†		cogaidís—cogtar
verbal nouncogadh
past participlecogtha

* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
RadicalLenitionEclipsis
cogchoggcog
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904), “cog”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 158

Middle English

Etymology

From Old French cogue, itself from Middle Dutch kogge.

Noun

cog

  1. a ship of burden, or war with a round, bulky hull
    • 1470–1485 (date produced)​, Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iv”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, OCLC 71490786; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, OCLC 890162034:
      As the Kynge was in his cog and lay in his caban, he felle in a slumberyng […].

Further reading

  • Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Back-formation from cogadh (“war, fighting”).

Verb

cog (past chog, future cogaidh, verbal noun cogadh, past participle cogte)

  1. fight

Welsh

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /koːɡ/

Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, ultimately imitative, similar to Old High German kā (“crow, jackdaw”), Middle Low German kâ (“crow, jackdaw”).

Noun

cog f (plural cogau)

  1. cuckoo
Usage notes
  • Cog is usually found preceded by the definite article, y gog.
Synonyms
  • (cuckoo): cwcw

Etymology 2

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, from Latin coquus.

Noun

cog m (plural cogau or cygod)

  1. cook
    Synonym: cogydd
Derived terms
  • coginio

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radicalsoftnasalaspirate
coggognghogchog
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cog”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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