co

See also: Appendix:Variations of "co" and со

Translingual

Symbol

co

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Corsican.

English

Noun

co (plural cos)

(colloquial) Clipping of company.

Alternative forms

co., Co, Co.

Derived terms

yield co

Multiple parts of speech

co

(stenoscript) Abbreviation of company and related forms of that word.

Pronunciation

(US) enPR: kō, IPA^(key): /koʊ/
Audio (UK) (file)
Rhymes: -oʊ

Pronoun

co (third-person singular, gender-neutral, reflexive coself)

(nonstandard) they (singular). Gender-neutral subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
- 1983, Ingrid Komar, Living the Dream: A Documentary Study of Twin Oaks Community:
  Co consistently does less than cos share of the Community work. 4. Co absents coself from the Community for more than three weeks [...]
- 1996, Brett Beemyn, Mickey Elianon, Queer studies: a lesbian, gay, bisexual, & transgender anthology, page 74:
  At the very least, an individual might have to use different terms to describe coself in a heterosexual context than co uses in a sexual minority context [...]
- 2004 April 1, "Pieira dos Lobos" (username), "Fern's Story two", alt.magick.serious, Usenet:
  A youngster of my own introduction had been rejected by an object of preadolescent craving and had killed coself by leaping at the ceiling of co's quarters. Co was a rising Large Game star, her spring was powerful, our gravity flux was low - co's head struck the surface with enough force to kill on impact.
(nonstandard) them (singular). Gender-neutral object pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns him and her.

Hyponyms

(as subject): he, she
(as object): him, her

Derived terms

cos
coself

Anagrams

O. C., O.C., OC, Oc, Oc.

Czech

Etymology

From Old Czech čso, from Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈt͡so]
audio (file)

Pronoun

co

what
Co se děje? ― What's up?
Co se stalo? ― What happened?

Conjunction

co

that
Od té doby, co jsme spolu… ― Since we’ve been together… (literally, “Since the time that we’ve been together…”)
what
Ví, co chce. ― He knows what he wants.

Particle

co

(indeclinable) isn't it so, don't you think?
To je pěkné, co? ― That’s nice, isn’t it?

Declension

Declension of co

	singular
nominative	co
genitive	čeho
dative	čemu
accusative	co
vocative	—
locative	čem
instrumental	čím

Derived terms

cokoli
cokoliv
copak
cosi
což
cože
něco
nic

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin quod.

Pronoun

co

what

Dumbea

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /soː/

Noun

co

water

References

Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDuᵐbea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Shintani, T.L.A. & Païta, Y. (1990) Dictionnaire de la langue de Païta, Nouméa: Sociéte d'etudes historiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Cited in: "Drubea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.

Esperanto

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡so]
Audio:
(file)
Hyphenation: co

Noun

co (accusative singular co-on, plural co-oj, accusative plural co-ojn)

The name of the Latin-script letter C.

Fijian

Noun

co

grass

Galician

Etymology

From contraction of preposition con (“with”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).

Contraction

co m (feminine coa, masculine plural cos, feminine plural coas)

with the

Gallo

Etymology

From Old French coc.

Noun

co m

rooster, cockerel, cock

Ido

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡so/

Pronoun

co (plural ci)

Alternative form of ico (“this”)

Khumi Chin

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /so˥/

Noun

co

Northern Khumi form of caw

References

D. A. Peterson (2013), “Aesthetic aspects of Khumi grammar”, in The Aesthetics of Grammar, Cambridge University Press, page 220

Ladin

Conjunction

co

than (used in comparisons)

Adverb

co

how (in what manner)
how (in what state)

Derived terms

coche

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

zo (obsolete)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡sɔ/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

Pronoun

co

what (interrogative)

Declension

Declension of co

Case	Form
Nominative	co
Genitive	cogo
Dative	comu
Accusative	co
Instrumental	cym
Locative	com

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

co

third-person singular present of kśěś

Middle Irish

Alternative forms

go

Etymology

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Celtic *kʷos.

Preposition

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

to, toward
- c. 1000, The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig, section 1, published in Irische Teste, vol. 1 (1880), edited by Ernst Windisch:
  Ro·ferad failte friu uile, ocus ructha chucisium isin mbruidin.
  They were all made welcome and brought to him in the hall.

Inflection

Forms combined with an object pronoun

1st person singular: chucum, chucom, cucom, cugam
- emphatic: chucumsa, chucomso, cucomsa, cugamsa
2nd person singular: chucut
- emphatic: chucutsu
3rd person singular masculine: chuc(a)i, cuc(a)i, chu(i)ce, cuce
- emphatic: c(h)ucisium
3rd person singular feminine: chu(i)cci
1st person plural: cucain(n), chucaind, chucund, cucund
- emphatic: cucainni, cucainne
3rd person plural: c(h)ucu, chucco, cuco, c(h)uca), c(h)uctu, chucta

Forms combined with the definite article:

cos(s)in, cus(s)in(d) (masculine/feminine singular)
cos(s)a (neuter singular)
cusna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

cos(s)a

Forms combined with a possessive determiner:

1st person singular: com
2nd person singular: cot
3rd person: co a, ca

Descendants

Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Norman

Etymology 1

From Old French colp, coup, from Vulgar Latin *colpus, from Classical Latin colaphus (“blow with the fist; cuff”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “blow, slap”).

Noun

co m (plural cos)

(Jersey) blow

Alternative forms

coup

Derived terms

co d'poing, coup d'tampon
coup d'feu
coup d'ôrage
coup d'sang
coup d'solé
coup d'yi
porter un coup

Etymology 2

From Old French coq, coc.

Noun

co m (plural cos)

(Jersey) cockerel

Derived terms

co journieaux

Etymology 3

From Old French col, from Latin collum (“neck”).

Noun

co m (plural cos)

(Jersey, Guernsey, Normandy, anatomy) neck

Alternative forms

ko (Sark)

Northern Kurdish

Alternative forms

cihok

Etymology

Compare Persian ‎ (juy) or Persian ‎ (ju).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒoː/

Noun

co m

ditch, trench, channel, canal, duct, fosse, aqueduct, sluice

Derived terms

cobar

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).[1] Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).

Preposition

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization) (abbreviated ɔ)

with
Synonym: la
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 97^d10
  Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.
  It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.

Inflection

Inflection of co

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.
2d person sing.
3d sing. masc./neut., dative	cono
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative
3d sing. fem., dative
3d sing. fem., accusative
1st person pl.
2d person pl.
3d person pl., dative
3d person pl., accusative

Forms combined with the definite article:

cosind (dative singular)
cosnaib (dative plural)

Combinations with possessive determiners:

com (1st person singular)
cut, cot (2nd person singular)
cona (3rd person singular)

Descendants

Middle Irish: co

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “An interrogative formation?”)

Adverb

co

how?
Co·bbia mo ḟechtas? ― How will my expedition be?

Usage notes

The adverb is followed by the dependent form of the verb, which is neither nasalized nor lenited.

Derived terms

cote

Etymology 3

From Proto-Celtic *kʷos, compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”) (hence Russian ко (ko, “to”)) of similar meaning.[2]

Preposition

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

to, toward
- c. 700, Immram Brain, published in The Voyage of Bran son of Febal to the land of the living (1895, London: David Nutt), pp. 1-35, edited and with translations by Kuno Meyer and Alfred Nutt, stanza 45
  Olc líth do·lluid ind nathir cosin n-athir dia chathir!
  [It was] a bad day when the Serpent came to the father [Adam], to the city [in Paradise]!
- c. 775, Táin Bó Fraích from the Book of Leinster, published in Táin bó Fraích (1974, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited by Wolfgang Meid, line 262
  "Gairid damsa Findabair!", ol sé. Do·tháet Findabair cucai, ⁊ coíca ingen impe.
  "Call Findabair over to me!" [Ailill] said. Findabair came to him, with fifty maidens around her.
up to, until
used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly[3]
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 14^d3
  cid écen aisndís do neuch as doruid co léir, ní sechmalfaider cuimre and dano
  though it is necessary to explain carefully anything that is difficult, however brevity will not be passed by

Inflection

Inflection of co

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	cuc(c)um	cuc(c)umsa
2d person sing.	cuc(c)ut	cuc(c)utsu
3d sing. masc./neut., dative
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative	cuc(c)i, cuc(c)ai	cuc(c)isom, cuc(c)isom
3d sing. fem., dative
3d sing. fem., accusative	cuic(c)e, cuc(c)e
1st person pl.	cuc(c)unn
2d person pl.	cuc(c)uib	cuc(c)uibsi
3d person pl., dative
3d person pl., accusative	cuc(c)u

Forms combined with the definite article:

cos(s)in (masculine/feminine singular)
cos(s)a (neuter singular)
cosna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

cos(s)a

Derived terms

cosse

Descendants

Middle Irish: co, go
- Irish: chuig, chun, go
- Scottish Gaelic: gu

Conjunction

co (triggers nasalization, followed by the prototonic or conjunct form of a verb, may be followed by an infixed pronoun) (abbreviated ɔ)

until
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 21^c22
  ní fitir cid muntar nime conidro·foilsigsetar apstil doib
  not even heaven’s household knew it until the apostles had revealed it to them
so that
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 10^d36
  co nos·berinn dochum hirisse
  that I might bring them unto faith
Synonym: ara

For more quotations using this term, see Citations:co.

Usage notes

A leniting co that takes absolute and deuterotonic forms is also attested in the glosses only.

Derived terms

coní (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the nasalizing conjunction)
conna (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the leniting conjunction)

Descendants

Irish: go
Scottish Gaelic: gu
Manx: dy

References

Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kom”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 213
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 180
Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 381, page 239

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьso, variant of Proto-Slavic *česo, i.e. genitive of Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡sɔ/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: co

Pronoun

co

what

Declension

Declension of co

	singular
nominative	co
genitive	czego
dative	czemu
accusative	co
instrumental	czym
locative	czym
vocative	co

Derived terms

particle

bądź co bądź

Related terms

coś
kto
nic

Preposition

co

every (referring to frequency)
co miesiąc ― every month

Derived terms

co drugi
cóż

Related terms

prefix

co-

Romansch

Alternative forms

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) che
(Sutsilvan) ca
(Surmiran) tgi
(Puter) cu

Etymology

From Latin quam or quod.

Conjunction

co

(Vallader) than

Silesian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sɔ]

Pronoun

co

what

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈko/ [ˈko]
Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: co

Noun

co m (plural cos)

(Aragón, colloquial) dude, friend

Related terms

compañero
colega
compa

Pronoun

co

Misspelling of có.

Venetian

Alternative forms

con

Etymology

From Latin cum. Compare Italian con.

Preposition

co

with, together

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]

Verb

co

to shrink (to become smaller)
Antonym: phồng

West Makian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡ʃo/

Verb

co

(transitive) to see

Conjugation

Conjugation of co (action verb)
		singular	plural
		singular	inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toco	moco	aco
2nd person		noco	foco
3rd person	inanimate	ico	doco
3rd person	animate	ico	doco
imperative		noco, co	foco, co

Alternative forms

coo, cio

References

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

Wutunhua

Etymology

From Tibetan མཚོ (mtsho).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sʰo]

Noun

co

lake

References

Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN

Yola

Alternative forms

quo

Etymology

From Middle English quethen, from Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan.

Verb

co

quoth, saith
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
  Co thou; Co he.
  Quoth thou; Says he.

References

Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 31

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kom”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 213

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 180

[3] Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 381, page 239

co

Translingual

Symbol

English

Noun

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Multiple parts of speech

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Hyponyms

Derived terms

See also

Anagrams

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Conjunction

Particle

Declension

Derived terms

See also

Further reading

Dalmatian

Etymology

Pronoun

Dumbea

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Esperanto

Pronunciation

Noun

See also

Fijian

Noun

Galician

Etymology

Contraction

Gallo

Etymology

Noun

Ido

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Khumi Chin

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Ladin

Conjunction

Adverb

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Declension

Etymology 2

Verb

Further reading

Middle Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Preposition

Inflection

Descendants

Further reading

Norman

Etymology 1

Noun

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Noun